Subject Index Abscess, virtual 107 Adenoidal hypertrophy, features 123 Airway bleeding, technique 49, 50 Airway stenosis, see Stenosis, airway Anaesthesia biopsy 47 complications 27, 28 flexible 23 26 flexible fibre-optic 60 indications 5, 6 prebronchoscopic procedures 22, 23 recovery 26 rigid 26 team 2, 3 whole-lung lavage 76 Asthma bronchoalveolar lavage findings 143, 144 indications 143 prospects 145, 146 endobronchial biopsy airway inflammation 145 pathological changes 145 safety 46 technical issues 144, 145 Atelectasis diagnosis 149, 150 flexible fibre-optic 58 treatment 150 152 classification compression atelectasis 150 obstructive atelectasis 150 surfactant deficiency or dysfunction 150 virtual 107 Bacterial infection, see Suppurative lung disease, Tuberculosis Balloon dilatation, interventional 65, 66 Biopsy, see also Endobronchial biopsy, Transbronchial biopsy anaesthesia and sedation 47 bronchoscope size 48 chronic cough 188 forceps 17 site localization 48, 49 specimens number of samples 49 quality and processing 49 Bone marrow transplantation, flexible 195, 196 Bronchial tree anatomy abnormal branching 131 nomenclature 117 119 overview 116 intrinsic lesions haemorrhage 138 inflammation and mucus secretion 138 tumours 138, 139 Bronchiectasis ciliary dysfunction 158 160 diagnosis 158, 159 Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, lung transplantation 191 Bronchitis obliterans, treatment 51 Bronchitis, see Chronic bacterial bronchitis Bronchoalveolar lavage asthma findings 143, 144 bronchoscopic versus non-bronchoscopic 30 206
chronic cough 187, 188 complications 39 equipment 17 fluid amount 31 processing 31, 32 recovery 31 immunosuppressed patients 196 indications chronic intestinal lung disease 36 38 chronic pulmonary aspiration 38 lower respiratory tract infection 34 36 therapy 39 lung transplantation 193, 194 microbiological studies 34 reference values in children 32 34 research applications 39, 40 site 30, 31 tuberculosis 176 Bronchomalacia consequences 133, 134 diagnosis 133 features 132, 133 symptoms and lung function 134 treatment 135 Bronchoscope components 15 flexible battery-powered bronchoscope 14 bronchofibrescope 14 bronchovideoscope 14 hybrid bronchovideoscope 14 intubation bronchoscope 14, 15 overview 12 14 rigid 19, 20 size biopsy 48 flexible fibre-optic 60 Carbon dioxide laser, interventional 67 Carina, anatomy 116 Choanal atresia, features 122 Chronic bacterial bronchitis features 159, 161 pathogens 159 Chronic cough flexible biopsy 188 bronchoalveolar lavage 187, 188 findings 185 187 indications 184, 185 prospects for study 188, 189 mechanisms and receptors neurophysiology 183, 184 phases of cough 182, 183 Chronic intestinal lung disease, bronchoalveolar lavage 36 38 Chronic pulmonary aspiration bronchoalveolar lavage 38 causes 160, 162 Cleaning, equipment 18 Computed tomography, see Virtual Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, virtual 106, 107 Congenital lobar emphysema, virtual 107 Consent, form 18 Cough, see Chronic cough Craniofacial abnormalities, syndromes 122, 123 Croup, flexible airway endoscopy 122 Culture, ex vivo 170 Cystic fibrosis disease mechanism findings airway lumen 166 airway wall 166, 168 local airway physiology 169, 170 reticular basement membrane thickening 168, 169 smooth muscle mass increase 169 submucosal gland obstruction 168 submucosal inflammatory infiltrate 169 endobronchial biopsy safety 46, 47 clinical features 156 pathophysiology 156 Cytology brush 17 Subject Index 207
Double aortic arch, features 137 Drug deposition, direct measurement in airway 50 Endobronchial biopsy, see also Biopsy asthma airway inflammation 145 pathological changes 145 technical issues 144, 145 clinical applications 43 45 definition 42, 43 research applications 45, 46 safety asthma 46 cystic fibrosis 46, 47 tuberculosis 176 Endobronchial tuberculosis, see Tuberculosis Endoluminal pneumatic dilatation, interventional 65 Endotracheal tube bronchoscope insertion 12, 13 placement with flexible fibre-optic 59 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, whole-lung lavage 80 Flexible anaesthesia and sedation 23 26 complications 26 28 equipment 12 15 flexible fibre-optic, see Paediatric intensive-care unit indications, see also specific indications asthma 142 146 atelectasis 149 152 cough, chronic 182 189 lung infection in suppurative lung diseases 156 170 lung transplant recipients 191 196 middle lobe syndrome 152 plastic bronchitis 152 154 tuberculosis 173 180 rigid comparison 92, 93 ventilation 25, 26 Foreign-body aspiration rigid 89, 90 virtual 104 Gastro-oesophageal reflux features 161 upper airway disease 128 Haemangioma features 125 rigid laryngoscopy 87 Heart enlargement, airway compression 137 Historical perspective paediatric 200 204 whole-lung lavage 75, 76 Hoarseness features 121 flexible airway endoscopy 122 Human immunodeficiency virus, endobronchial involvement 177, 178 Inflammatory pseudotumour, virtual 107 Innominate artery, anomalous 137 Intensive-care unit, see Neonatal intensive-care unit, Paediatric intensive-care unit Interstitial lung disease, precautions 8 Interventional airway stenosis 64, 65 contraindications 73 dilatation 65, 66 laser therapy 66 70 stenting 70 73 Intubation, endoscopy-assisted 50 Kalium-titanium-phosphate laser, interventional 67, 68 Ketamine, sedation 24 Laryngeal cyst features 125, 126 rigid laryngoscopy 88, 89 Laryngeal web features 126, 127 rigid laryngoscopy 89 Laryngomalacia features 123 rigid laryngoscopy 86 Laryngotracheal cleft, rigid laryngoscopy 88 Larynx, anatomy 114, 115 Laser therapy, interventional 66 70 Lavage, see Bronchoalveolar lavage, Whole-lung lavage Logging, findings 18, 20 Lower respiratory tract infection, bronchoalveolar lavage 34 36 Lung agenesis 130, 131 aplasia 131 suppurative lung disease, see Bronchiectasis, Chronic bacterial bronchitis, Chronic pulmonary aspiration, Cystic fibrosis, Gastro-oesophageal reflux, Tracheo-oesophageal fistula 208 Subject Index
Lung transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans 191 flexible bronchoalveolar lavage 193, 194 complications 194, 195 indications 193 transbronchial biopsy 194 mortality 191 status assessment in suppurative disease 164, 166 Mediastinal masses, virtual 105, 106 Meperidine, sedation 23 Midazolam, sedation 23 Middle lobe syndrome 152 features 152 Mucolytics, flexible fibre-optic 61 Multidetector computed tomography, see Virtual Muscle relaxants, flexible fibre-optic 60 Nasal masses, features 122 Neonatal intensive-care unit, precautions 6 8 Neoplasms endobronchial tumours 138, 139 virtual 107 Nitrous oxide, sedation 23, 24 Nucleus tractus solitarii, cough mediation 183, 184 Paediatric intensive-care unit airway size 54 56 precautions 6 8 flexible fibre-optic airway protection 61 anaesthesia and sedation 60 applications abnormal breathing sounds 58 abnormality evaluation 59 atelectasis 58 endotracheal tube placement 59 bronchoscope size 60 coagulation status monitoring 61 mucolytics 61 muscle relaxants 60 pathophysiological effects cardiovascular effects 57, 58 gas exchange effects 57 lung mechanics 56, 57 safety 62 ventilatory management 61, 62 neonatal intensive-care unit comparison 56 patient characteristics 54 Papillomatosis laryngeal 126 rigid laryngoscopy 87, 88 Pharyngeal collapse, features 123 Pierre Robin sequence, features 122 Plastic bronchitis 153, 154 features 152, 153 Pneumonia, virtual 107 Propofol, sedation 24 Pulmonary bleeding, technique 49, 50 Pulmonary sling, features 137 Remifentanyl, anaesthesia 25 Right-sided aortic arch, features 136 Rigid anaesthesia and sedation 26 bronchoscopes 19, 20, 85 complications 28 flexible comparison 92, 93 foreign-body aspiration 89, 90 tracheal stenosis 91, 92 tracheal trauma 92 tracheobronchial obstruction 90, 91 tracheo-oesophageal fistula 90 Rigid laryngoscopy haemangioma 87 laryngeal cyst 88, 89 laryngeal web 89 laryngomalacia 86 laryngotracheal cleft 88 overview 83 86 papillomatosis 87, 88 vocal cord paralysis 86, 87 Sedation biopsy 47 flexible conscious sedation 23, 24 deep sedation 24, 25 flexible fibre-optic 60 prebronchoscopic procedures 22, 23 recovery 26 rigid 26 Segmental bronchography, technique 49 Snoring, causes 121 Specimens biopsy number of samples 49 quality and processing 49 collection guidelines 4, 5 processing 4 Stenosis, airway acquired 135, 136 congenital 135 interventional 64, 65 virtual 103 Subject Index 209
Stenting, interventional 70 73 Stickler syndrome, features 122 Stridor features 121 flexible airway endoscopy 121, 122 Subclavian artery, anomalous 137 Subglottic oedema, features 124, 125 Subglottic stenosis acquired 124 congenital 123, 124 Submucosal gland, obstruction 168 Suppurative lung disease, see Bronchiectasis, Chronic bacterial bronchitis, Chronic pulmonary aspiration, Cystic fibrosis, Gastro-oesophageal reflux, Tracheo-oesophageal fistula Swallowing, abnormalities 161 Time requirements, bronchoscopic procedures 2, 3 Tongue mass, features 123 Trachea, anatomy 115, 116 Tracheal stenosis, rigid 91, 92 Tracheal trauma, rigid 92 Tracheobronchial obstruction, rigid 90, 91 Tracheomalacia consequences 133, 134 diagnosis 133 features 132, 133 symptoms and lung function 134 treatment 135 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula rigid 90 virtual 103 features 131, 132, 161 Training, models and simulators 18 Transbronchial biopsy, see also Biopsy clinical applications 47 definition 43 immunosuppressed patients 196 lung transplantation 194 safety 47 Trolley, features 17, 18 Tuberculosis bronchoalveolar lavage 176 common presentations 177 endobronchial biopsy 176 endoscopic evaluation 175, 176 flexible studies 176, 177 indications 174, 175 prospects 179, 180 rigid versus flexible 176 virtual 176 endobronchial tuberculosis definition 174 unusual cases 178, 179 epidemiology 173 laryngeal 179 pathogenesis in children 173, 174 Turbinates, anatomy 114 Upper airway obstruction features 120, 121 respiratory noises 121 Ventilation flexible 25, 26 management during flexible fibre-optic 61, 62 Virtual advantages and disadvantages in children 101 applications abscess 107 atelectasis 107 branching anomalies 103 congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation 106, 107 congenital lobar emphysema 107 dynamic airway compression 104, 105 foreign-body aspiration 104 inflammatory pseudotumour 107 mediastinal masses 105, 106 neoplasms 107 overview 101 103 peripheral airway disease 104 pneumonia 107 stenosis 103 tracheo-oesophageal fistula 103 vascular anomalies 105 vocal cord paralysis 107 multidetector computed tomography multiplanar reformation 96 multiplanar volume reconstruction 96, 97 shaded-surface display 97 virtual 98 volume rendering 97 overview 95, 96 patient considerations 100 prospects 109 radiation dose 107, 108 reduction 108, 109 radiological nomenclature 110, 111 sedation 100 210 Subject Index
technical aspects 99, 100 tuberculosis 176 Vocal cord dysfunction features 125, 127, 128 flexible airway endoscopy 122 rigid laryngoscopy 86, 87 virtual 107 Wheezing, airway inflammation 142, 143 Whole-lung lavage airway management 77, 78 alternatives 81 alveolar clearance 79 anaesthesia and monitoring 76 historical perspective 75, 76 oxygenation optimization 80 pulmonary perfusion 76 safety 80 site 79, 80 surfactant issues 76 technique 78, 79 Workstation, 15, 16 Subject Index 211