The Respiratory System

Transcription

1 C h a p t e r 24 The Respiratory System PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2 Introduction Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases between the air and the blood. Blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues. Blood accepts the carbon dioxide from peripheral tissues.

3 An Overview of the Respiratory System The Respiratory System Includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and conducting passageways The respiratory tract consists of the following: Conduction portion Respiratory portion The respiratory bronchiles The alveoli

4 An Overview of the Respiratory System Functions of the Respiratory System Providing an area for gas exchange Moving air to and from the exchange surface Protecting respiratory surfaces Defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication Assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and the control of body fluid ph

5 An Overview of the Respiratory System Figure 24.1 Structures of the Respiratory System

6 An Overview of the Respiratory System Figure 24.2 Histology of the Respiratory Epithelium

7 The Upper Respiratory System Structures in the head are part of the upper respiratory system. Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx

8 The Upper Respiratory System Figure 24.3a, b Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (a) Anterior View (b) Head, Coronal Section

9 The Upper Respiratory System Figure 24.3c Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (c) Head and Neck, Sagittal Section

10 The Upper Respiratory System Figure 24.3d Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (d) Sagittal Section

11 The Lower Respiratory System Structures in the neck and thoracic cavity are parts of the lower respiratory system Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

12 The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.4a, b, c Anatomy of the Larynx: (a) Larynx, Anterior View; (b) Larynx, Posterior View; (c) Posterior View of Laryngeal Cartilages

13 The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.4d Anatomy of the Larynx: (d) Larynx, Sagittal Section

14 The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.5 The Vocal Cords

15 The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.6 Movements of the Larynx during Swallowing

16 The Trachea Also called the windpipe Walls contain cartilage rings Enters thoracic cavity anterior to esophagus Bifurcates at the carina

17 The Primary Bronchi Wall structure similar to tracheal wall One per lung The right primary bronchus supplies the right lung, and the left supplies the left lung Right has a larger diameter and descends toward lung at steeper angle; easier for foreign objects to get lodged there

18 The Primary Bronchi Figure 24.7 Anatomy of the Trachea and Primary Bronchi

19 The Lungs Lungs are divided into lobes: 3 lobes on right: superior, middle, and inferior 2 lobes on left: superior and inferior Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to alveoli.

20 The Lungs Figure 24.8a Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs (a) Thoracic Cavity, Anterior View

21 The Lungs Figure 24.8b Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs: (b) The Right and Left Lungs

22 The Lungs Figure 24.9 Bronchi and Bronchioles

23 The Lungs Figure 24.10a The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (a) Bronchial Divisions and Bronchopulmonary Segments

24 The Lungs Figure 24.10b The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (b) Bronchopulmonary Segments of Left and Right Lungs

25 The Lungs Figure 24.10c The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (c) Bronchogram

26 The Lungs Figure 24.10d The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs (d) The Bronchial Tree

27 The Lungs Figure 24.11a Bronchi and Bronchioles (a) Components of a Lung Lobule

28 The Lungs Figure 24.11b, c Bronchi and Bronchioles: (b, c) Histology of the Lung

29 The Lungs Figure Alveolar Organization

30 The Lungs Figure Results of Dorothy s MRI

31 The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity. Visceral pleura covers the lungs. Pleural fluid causes membranes to stick together but still slide on one another.

32 The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes Figure Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity

33 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Inspiratory muscles Diaphragm External intercostal muscles Expiratory muscles Usually not needed due to elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic cavity Accessory respiratory muscles Inspiration Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles Expiration Transversus thoracis, oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles Internal intercostal muscles

34 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Figure Respiratory Muscles

35 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Figure Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls

36 Aging and the Respiratory System Elastic tissue deteriorates, reducing the lungs ability to inflate and deflate. Movements of the rib cage are restricted by arthritic changes. Some degree of emphysema is normally found in individuals age