Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 11 (1): 65-72, 2012 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2012 Effects of Replcing Penut Seed Cke with Brewery Dried Yest on Lying Performnce, Egg Qulity nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Rhode Islnd Red Chicken 1 2 3 Meseret Girm, Berhn Tmir nd Tdelle Dessie 1 Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopi 2 Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Addis A University, Ethiopi 3 Interntionl Livestock Reserch Institute (ILRI), Addis A, Ethiopi Astrct: One hundred nd eighty 26-week old Rhode Islnd Red chicken were used to determine the performnce, fertility, htchility nd economic of chicken fed with rtion contining Penut Seed Cke (PSC) nd Brewery Dried Yest (BDY). The tretments were T1 (20% PSC + 0% BDY), T2 (15% PSC + 5% BDY), T3 (10% PSC + 10% BDY), T4 (5% PSC + 15% BDY), T5 (0% PSC + 20% BDY) nd T6 s control (commercil lyer s rtion) nd the experiment lsted for 12 weeks. The experiment ws rrnged in Completely Rndomized Design (CRD) with six tretments, ech replicted two times with 15 irds per replicte. Hens were individully weighed t the strt nd end of the experiment. Dt on Dry Mtter Intke (DMI), Hen Dy Egg Production (HDEP), egg weight nd were recorded dily. Egg qulity prmeters were determined t n intervl of 3 dys on 6 eggs per replicte. The chemicl nlysis showed tht BDY contined 41.2% CP nd 2982.04 kcl ME/kg DM nd PSC 42.2% CP nd 2842.5 kcl ME/kg DM, indicting their potentil to e used s sources of oth protein nd energy in poultry feeding. DMI of irds on T3 nd T4 were similr with tht of irds on control diet, ut diet T5 resulted in significntly incresed DMI thn control diet. Diets T1 nd T2 resulted in significntly (p<0.05) decresed DMI thn control diet. Finl ody weight nd ody weight gin of irds ws significntly lower (p<0.05) for T1 nd T2 thn tht of irds on T4. Birds on T3 hd higher HDEP compred to irds on control rtion. Diet contining T4 resulted in significnt increse (p<0.05) in egg weight thn tht of irds on T2 nd control diet ut the diet contining T1 resulted in significntly decresed (p<0.05) egg weight thn control diet nd other tretment groups. Birds on T4, T5, T3 nd T2 showed etter results in fertility thn control nd T1. Similrly irds in T2, T3, T4 nd T5 were etter in htchility thn the irds in control nd T1. Eggs of irds on T3, T4 nd T5 showed higher yolk color vlue thn irds on control diet. Birds of tretment T3 hd lower feed cost per dozen of egg thn control, indicting the importnce of this form of comintion for feeding lyers s lest cost rtion thn tht of the irds on control. The results lso showed tht initil ody weight, feed efficiency, lumen height in terms of Hugh unit, shell thickness nd egg sle to feed cost rtio did not vry (p>0.05) mong dietry tretments. Brewery dried yest could e included in Rhode Islnd Red chicken feed in order to increse fertility nd htchility of fertile eggs, yolk color nd it lso increse egg mss. Bsed on the results of this study, T3 (10% BDY + 10% PSC) or 50% replcement of BDY y PSC ppered to e diet of good feeding vlue, more economicl or resonly cheper rtion which cn e used s protein supplement in formultion of lyers rtion without dverse effects on egg lying performnce of pullets etween 26-38 weeks of ge. Key words: Penut seed cke, rewery dried yest, fertility, htchility, egg qulity, Rhode Islnd Red INTRODUCTION The nutritionl sttus of mny people in developing countries of the world is very poor. It is lso these countries tht popultion is incresing rpidly (FAO, 2004). The contriution of intensive commercil poultry industry to the supply of poultry met nd egg in Ethiopi hs een very smll (Alemu, 1995). To meet the demnd for niml protein source, the productivity of poultry needs to e improved (FAO, 2004). The profit from poultry production cn e ttined y minimizing feed cost which ccounts more thn hlf of the totl cost of production. According to Wilson nd Beyer (2000) feed cost ccounts 60-70% of the totl niml production cost. Any ttempt to improve commercil poultry production nd increse its efficiency therefore, needs to focus on etter utiliztion of ville feed resources. Knowledge of nutritionl chrcteristics of these feeds nd its optiml levels of inclusion in Corresponding Author: Meseret Girm, Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopi 65
rtions nd optimum comintion of ingredients composed loclly ville mterils re very useful (Kmlzdeh et l., 2008). Nevertheless, there is comprtively little informtion on the ctul uses of gro-industril y products in Ethiopi nd few reserches hve een done on Penut Seed Cke (PSC) nd Brewery Dried Yest (BDY) up to now. In tropicl countries like Ethiopi where cerel grins re stple diet of humn, the use of gro-industril yproducts s n lternte source of protein, prtilly or/nd fully enles cheper egg nd met production which in turn decrese consumption of cerel grins y niml. The existence of numer of cooking oil processing plnts nd rewery plnts cretes gret opportunity for utilizing these gro-industril y-products in poultry s protein sources. Even though there is no sttisticl dt on the mount of these industril y-products, undoutedly n pprecile quntity is produced ech yer. In the residues from the production of 1000 liters of eer 35 to 45 kg, dry mtter of BDY is contined (Prr nd Escor, 1985). In ddition, Ethiopi produces lrge quntities of groundnut, which is estimted to e 29,000 metric tons (Solomon, 1992). Hence penut seed cke is not lnced in mino cids pttern desirle for poultry. It is deficient in lysine, methionine nd tryptophn (Singh et l., 1981). Its keeping qulity is poor s it my develop fltoxins during storge (Mishr, 1993). In comprison of PSC the mino cid pttern of rewery dried yest pproximtes more to dietry requirement of poultry. Brewery dried yest is lso superior to penut seed cke. It contins criticl mino cids in sufficient quntity for poultry (McDonld et l., 2002). Therefore, the ojective of this study is to determine optimum feeding nd replcement vlue of BDY for PSC for optimum performnce of Rhode Islnd Red (RIR) chicken. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ingredients nd experimentl rtions: The study ws conducted in Hrmy University poultry Frm, Ethiopi locted t 42 3` E longitude, 9 26`N ltitude nd t n ltitude of 1980 meter ove se level. The men nnul rinfll of the re is 780 mm nd the verge minimum nd mximum tempertures re 8 nd 24 C, respectively (Smuel, 2008). The ingredients used for rtion formultion in this study were mize, penut seed cke, rewery dried yest, whet rn, full ft soyen, limestone, slt, vitmin premix nd diclcium phosphte. Before grinding soyen grin ws het treted t temperture of 160 C for eight minutes ginst nti-nutritionl fctors nturlly present in rw soyen. Except rewery dried yest, whet rn, limestone, vitmin premix, diclcium phosphte the rest ingredients were ground t Hrmy University feed mill efore mixing. Smples of mize, penut seed cke, rewery dried yest, whet rn nd soyens were tken for chemicl nlysis (Tle 1). Smples were nlyzed for Dry Mtter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extrct (EE), Crude Fier (CF) nd sh following the proximte method of nlysis (AOAC, 1995). The experiment comprised six different rtions ws used. The different rtions contined PSC nd BDY comintions t the inclusion level (20%, 0%), (15%, 5%), (10%, 10%), (5%, 15%), (0%, 20%) of totl diet nd (0%, 0%) or control diet (commercil lyers rtion) representing T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 nd T6 respectively. The diet formulted to e isocloric nd isonitrogenous 2800 kcl ME/kg DM nd 16% CP s predetermined in the commercil rtion (control) (Leeson nd Summers, 2001). The different rtions contined penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest comintions t the rte of 100: 0%, 75: 25%, 50: 50%, 25: 75%, 0: 100% nd control, representing T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 nd T6, respectively, wherey 100% penut seed cke ws equivlent to 20% inclusion level in the rtion. Mngement of experimentl irds: The irds were kept in deep litter pens covered with swdust litter mteril. Before the commencement of the ctul experiment, the experimentl pens, wtering nd feeding troughs nd lying nests were thoroughly clened, disinfected nd spryed ginst externl prsites. The hens were vccinted ginst Newcstle disese, gumuro disese nd fowl typhoid. The wet litter ws chnged with dry, disinfected nd clen Tle 1: Chemicl composition of feed ingredients Ingredients --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chemicl components BDY PSC Soyen Mize Whet rn DM (%) 92.60 94.00 95.79 91.66 90.50 CP (% DM) 41.20 42.20 38.10 8.20 14.61 EE (% DM) 3.56 9.03 19.53 5.14 4.20 Ash (% DM) 8.20 9.02 4.93 1.79 8.20 CF (% DM) 8.51 12.02 6.67 3.61 12.40 C (% DM) 0.16 0.17 0.28 0.04 0.12 P (% DM) 1.51 0.86 0.61 0.25 1.21 ME (kcl/kg DM) 2982.04 2842.50 4040.95 3602.11 2402.00 BDY = Brewery Dried Yest; PSC = Penut Seed Cke; DM = Dry Mtter; CP = Crude Protein; EE = Ether Extrct; CF = Crude Fier; C = Clcium; P = Phosphorus; ME = Metolizle Energy 66
Tle 2: Percentge composition of experimentl diets Tretments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ingredients T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Corn 53.0 52.0 51.5 51.0 50.0 Commercil Whet rn 12.0 13.0 13.5 14.0 15.0 lyer s Penut cke 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 - rtion Brewery dried yest - 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Limestone 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Soyen 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Slt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Vitmin premix 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Diclcium phosphte 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Totl 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 T1 = diet contining 20% PSC nd 0% BDY; T2 = diet contining 15%PSC nd 5% BDY; T3 = diet contining 10% PSC nd 10% BDY; T4 = diet contining 5% PSC nd 15% BDY; T5 = diet contining 0% PSC nd 20% BDY; T6 = 0% PSC nd 0% BDY; *Vitmin premix 50 kg contins, Vit A = 2000000iu, Vit D3 = 400000 iu, Vit E = 10000 mg, Vit K3 = 300 mg, Vit B1 = 150 mg, Vit B2 = 1000 mg, Vit B3 = 2000 mg, Vit B6 = 500 mg, Vit B12 = 4 mg, Vitpp = 60000 mg, Folic cid = 160 mg, Choline chloride = 30000 mg, Anti-oxidnt = 500 gm, Mngnese = 10000 mg, Zinc = 14000 mg, Iron = 9000 mg, Copper = 1000 mg, Sodium = 200 mg, Selenium = 80 mg, Clcium = 28.2% swdust whenever necessry. Vitmins nd nticoccidiosis were given through drinking wter ccording to the mnufcturer s recommendtion s preventive medictions. One hundred eighty RIR 26 week-old irds with ody weight of 1554.67±1.01 g (men±sd) were divided into six dietry tretments in Completely Rndomized Design (CRD) experiment. The irds were rndomly divided into 6 groups of 30 irds ech. Ech group of chicks ws further rndomly divided into two replictes of 15 irds (13 hens nd 2 cocks in ech pen). The irds were dpted to experimentl diets for 7 dys efore the commencement of dt collection. Dt collection nd mesurements: Feed ws offered to the irds d liitum twice per dy t 0800 nd 1700 hours nd clen tp wter ws ville ll the time. The mount of feed offered nd refused per pen ws recorded dily. The mount of feed consumed ws determined s the difference etween the feed offered nd refused on DM sis. Feed offered nd refused were smpled dily per pen nd pooled per tretment for the entire experimentl period for chemicl nlysis. The smples were nlyzed for DM, CP, EE, CF, sh, clcium nd totl phosphorous following the proximte method of nlysis (AOAC, 1995). Birds were individully weighed t the strt nd end of the experiment nd ody weight chnge ws clculted s the difference etween the finl nd initil ody weight. Eggs lid y hens in pen were collected three times dy t 0800, 1300 nd 1700 hrs nd dily egg production ws clculted s the sum of the three collections. Eggs collected dily were weighed immeditely fter collection for ech pen nd verge egg weight ws computed y dividing the totl egg mss to the numer of eggs. Hen-dy egg production s percentge ws determined following the method of Hunton (1995) s: Numer of eggs collected per dy % Hen-dy egg production = x 100 Numer of hens present on tht dy Feed efficiency ws determined per replicte y clculting the weight of feed consumed to produce dozen of eggs. The eggs for incution were collected nd stored for 5 dys t temperture of 14 C. Medium size egg ws selected y visul inspection were setted for incution. Fertility ws determined y cndling the incuted eggs on the 9th, 14th nd 18th dy of incution. Averge percentge fertility for ech tretment ws computed y tking the verge vlues of the replictes which ws rrived t y dividing the totl numer of eggs found fertile t cndling y totl numer of eggs set nd multiplying y 100. Finlly the verge percentge of fertility of the 9th, 14th nd 18th dy of incution ws tken (Bonnier nd Ksper, 1990). Averge percentge htchility of the fertile eggs for ech tretment ws computed y dividing the numer chicks htched y the numer of fertile eggs set nd multiplying the vlue y 100. Birds were closely oserved for ny normlities nd mortlity during the entire experimentl period. Egg qulity chrcteristics, such s egg shell thickness nd egg yolk color were determined t n intervl of 3 dys on freshly lid 6 eggs per replicte fter reking nd seprting ech of the components. Egg shell, were mesured using sensitive lnce. Alumen height ws mesured with tripod micrometer. Egg shell thickness ws mesured y eggshell thickness micrometer guge. Mesurements were tken from three regions (lrge end, smll end nd on the equtor region of the eggshell) nd the verge vlue ws considered. Yolk color ws determined y compring the color of properly mixed yolk smple plced on white pper with the color strips of Roche fn mesurement, which consist 1-15 strips rnging from ple to ornge yellow color. Hugh unit ws clculted from the egg weight nd lumen height using the formul suggested y 0.37 Hugh (1937), HU = 100 log (H + 7.57-1.7 W ), where, HU = Hugh Unit, H = lumen height, W = Egg weight (g). 67
At the end of the experiment, six rndomly selected irds Dry mtter intke: The effect of including vrying levels from ech replicte (12 per tretment group) were of penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest in lyers strved for 16 hrs nd weighed immeditely efore rtion on dry mtter intke is presented in Tle 4. The slughter, slughtered nd properly dressed to find out dry mtter intke of irds on T3 (10% PSC + 10% BDY) the dressing, eviscerted percentge nd crcss nd T4 (5% PSC + 15% BDY) were similr with tht of the chrcteristics. To estimte the economic enefits of the irds on the control diet (T6), ut diet T5 (0% PSC + 20% replcement of rewery dried yest for penut seed cke BDY) resulted in significntly (p<0.05) incresed dry in RIR lyer rtion the prtil udget ws nlyzed tking mtter intke thn the control diet nd the other into considertion the feed cost per dozen of eggs nd tretments. The diets T1 (20% PSC + 0% BDY) nd T2 egg sle to feed cost for dozen of eggs. For this study, (15% PSC + 5% BDY) resulted in significntly (p<0.05) the egg sle price of Hrmy University (6 Birr/dozen decresed dry mtter intke thn the control diet nd of eggs) ws used to clculte egg sles to feed cost other tretments. rtio. The high DM intke t higher levels of rewery dried yest might e due to the compositionl qulity of Sttisticl nlysis: Except yolk color, which ws rewery dried yest in which it could supply ll the criticl nlyzed y logistic regression, ll other prmeters mino cids in sufficient quntity (Leeson nd were sttisticlly nlyzed using the generl liner Summers, 2001). The low DM intke t lower levels of model procedure of SAS (SAS, 2002). Differences rewery dried yest or t higher levels of penut seed etween tretment mens were seprted using Lest cke could e relted to the mino cid pttern of the Significnce Difference (LSD) method (SAS, 2002). diet, where penut seed cke contins lower thn the rewery dried yest in lysine nd methionine plus RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cystine (McDonld et l., 2002). The work of Hill (1969) Chemicl composition of experimentl rtions: The showed tht methionine nd lysine re required for results of the lortory nlysis nd estimtion of optimum feed intke. Wu et l. (2001) reported tht nutritive vlues of the different experimentl feed protein hs significnt effect on feed consumption, ingredients nd six formulted experimentl rtions re where diets deficient in protein could decrese feed shown in Tle 1 nd 3. The energy contents of rewery consumption. dried yest nd penut seed cke were 2982.04 nd 2842.50 kcl/kg DM, respectively. The protein contents of Body weight chnge: There ws no significnt (p>0.05) rewery dried yest nd penut seed cke were difference in initil ody weight of pullets (Tle 4). The reltively high, which could mke them to e good finl ody weight of pullets on the diet contining 15% protein supplement feed ingredients for poultry s rewery dried yest ws significntly (p<0.05) higher whole. thn tht of the irds on T1 (20% PSC + 0% BDY) nd T2 The crude protein nd Metolizle energy contents of (15% PSC + 5% BDY), which might e ssocited with tretments were comprle throughout inclusion levels meeting of mino cids tht is required for higher growth (Tle 3). The CP nd ME levels were within the rnges rte of chicks. The ody weight gin of irds ws of the recommended levels 14-19% nd 2700-2900 significntly (p<0.05) lower for T1 (20% PSC + 0% BDY) kcl/kg, respectively for lyers (Leeson nd Summers, nd T2 (15% PSC +5% BDY) thn tht of the irds 2001). ssigned to T4 (5% PSC + 15% BDY). The reduced ody Tle 3: Chemicl composition of tretment diets contining different proportions of penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest Tretments Chemicl --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- components T1 (20:0) T2 (15:5) T3 (10:10) T4 (5:15) T5 (0:20) T6 (0:0) DM (%) 91.70 91.98 91.02 91.00 91.51 91.95 EE (% DM) 3.31 3.22 3.05 3.50 2.40 4.30 Ash (% DM) 9.01 10.02 10.94 11.06 12.02 8.98 CF (% DM) 9.22 8.90 8.23 8.18 7.81 10.60 NFE (% DM) 56.08 54.27 55.00 54.08 53.02 55.12 P (% DM) 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.55 0.70 C (% DM) 3.30 3.40 3.00 3.30 3.09 2.81 CP (% DM) 16.53 17.02 16.75 17.08 17.33 17.17 ME kcl/kg 2870.95 2867.52 2898.38 2881.11 2898.33 2875.90 T1 = diet contining 20% PSC nd 0% BDY; T2 = diet contining 15%PSC nd 5% BDY; T3 = diet contining 10% PSC nd 10% BDY; T4 = diet contining 5% PSC nd 15% BDY; T5 = diet contining 0% PSC nd 20% BDY; T6 = 0% PSC nd 0% BDY; DM = Dry Mtter; EE = Ether Extrct; CF = Crude Fier; NFE = Nitrogen Free extrct; P = Phosphorus; C= Clcium; CP = Crude Protein; ME= Metolizle Energy 68
Tle 4: Feed intke nd performnce of Rhode Islnd Red chicken fed with rtions contining different proportions of penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest Tretments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Prmeters T1 (20:0) T2 (15:5) T3 (10:10) T4 (5:15) T5 (0:20) T6 (0:0) SEM DMI (g/hen/dy) d 131.70 c 132.10 133.70 133.80 135.90 133.10 0.410 Initil BW (g) 1558.50 1557.00 1554.50 1550.00 1552.00 1556.00 1.010 Finl BW (g) 1570.50 1572.50 1576.00 1578.50 1577.50 1574.50 1.000 BW gin (g/hed) 12.00 15.00 21.00 28.00 25.00 18.00 1.830 HDEP (%) 85.30 85.90 87.90 84.80 84.90 81.80 0.710 Egg weight (g) c 54.80 55.00 56.10 57.00 56.20 55.40 0.270 Feed efficiency 2.01 2.02 1.98 2.09 2.10 2.14 0.020, Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); DM = Dry Mtter; BW = Body Weight; FC = Feed Conversion Rtio; HDEP = Hen Dy Egg Production; SEM = Stndrd Error of the Men; T1 = diet contining 20% PSC nd 0% BDY; T2 = diet contining 15%PSC nd 5% BDY; T3 = diet contining 10% PSC nd 10% BDY; T4 = diet contining 5% PSC nd 15% BDY; T5 = diet contining 0% PSC nd 20% BDY; T6 = 0% PSC nd 0% BDY weight gin t T1 nd T2 might e proly due to the Fertility nd htchility of fertile eggs: The effect of deficiencies or lower levels of mino cids in penut including vrying levels of penut seed cke nd seed cke nd ssocited low feed intke t lower level rewery dried yest in the lyers rtion on fertility is of rewery dried yest inclusion. Wu et l. (2001) stted presented in Tle 5. Fertility of chicken ws significntly tht essentil mino cids ffect feed consumption nd (p<0.05) higher BDY replced PSC with the highest growth in chicken. otined t 75% replcement level. Fertility of irds on the diet contining T1 (20% PSC + 0% BDY) ws similr Egg production: The effect of including vrying levels of with tht of the irds on the control diet, ut diets penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest in lyers contining T2 (15% PSC + 5% BDY), T3 (10% PSC + 10% rtion on hen-dy egg production is presented in Tle BDY), T4 (5% PSC + 15% BDY) nd T5 (0% PSC + 20% 4 shows egg production performnce of RIR chicken BDY) resulted in significntly (p<0.05) higher fertility during the feeding period. The men percentge of hen- thn tht of the control diet (T6). The resons for dy egg production of irds ws significntly (p<0.05) incresed fertility might e ssocited with unidentified lower for irds fed on commercil lyers, rtion (control) growth fctors in rewery y-products (Fomd nd thn tht of irds on T1, T2 nd T3. Prtil replcement of Mfeni, 2001). penut seed cke y rewery dried yest (T3) resulted in The results of the men percentge htchility of fertile slightly higher egg production thn higher nd lower eggs from ech of six tretment rtions re presented in levels of inclusion, which might e ssocited with Tle 5. Htchility of chicken ws significntly good lnce of mino cids y comining the two feed (p<0.05) improved when BDY included in the diet with ingredients (Singh nd Zomde, 1986). highest otined t mximum level of replcement. Htchility of irds on the diet contining T1 (20% PSC Egg weight: The effect of including vrying levels of + 0% BDY) ws similr with tht of the irds on the penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest in the lyers control diet, ut the diets contining T2 (15% PSC + 5% rtion on egg weight is presented in Tle 4. The egg BDY), T3 (10% PSC + 10% BDY), T4 (5% PSC + 15% weight of irds on the diet T2 (15% PSC + 5% BDY) ws BDY) nd T5 (0% PSC + 20% BDY) resulted in similr with tht of the irds on the control diet, ut diets significntly (p<0.05) higher in htchility thn tht of contining 15% rewery dried yest (T4) resulted in the control diet. significntly (p<0.05) higher egg weight thn tht of the The reson for the htchility differences might e due irds on T1, T2 nd the control diet. The diet T1 (20% PSC to the richness of rewery dried yest in vitmin B tht + 0% BDY) resulted in significntly (p<0.05) decresed plys n importnt role in improving the htchility of egg weight thn the control diet nd other tretments. eggs in chicken (Gohl, 1981). It could e lso due to the The resons for the improved egg weight might e fct tht ddition of yest cultures to poultry diets might ssocited with improvement in methionine content with enhnce etter utiliztion of minerls like clcium, reduced penut seed cke (Nuli nd Singh, 2002). phosphorous, potssium nd mngnese which ply role in enhncing the htchility of eggs (Wilson, 1997). Feed efficiency: The effect of including vrying levels of penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest in lyers Yolk color: The effect of including vrying levels of rtion on feed efficiency expressed feed consumed per penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest in lyer rtion dozen of egg presented in Tle 4. The feed conversion on yolk color ccording to Roche fn color mesurement rtio did not differ significntly (p>0.05) etween from ech of the six tretment rtions is presented tretments. in Tle 5. Yolk color of irds on the diet contining 69
Tle 5: Fertility, htchility nd egg qulity prmeters of Rhode Islnd Red chicken fed diets contining different proportion of penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest Tretments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Prmeters T1 (20:0) T2 (15:5) T3 (10:10) T4 (5:15) T5 (0:20) T6 (0:0) SEM Fertility (%) 79.40 86.30 86.70 88.70 88.10 79.10 1.130 Htchility (%) 59.90 66.30 68.40 66.60 68.80 59.50 1.240 Yolk color (RSP*) 4.20 4.40 5.30 5.30 5.30 4.20 0.180 Hugh unit (µm) 98.70 98.70 97.40 96.40 97.00 97.90 0.420 Shell thickness 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.010, Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); SEM = Stndrd Error of the Men; *RSP = Roche Scle Points; T1 = diet contining 20% PSC nd 0% BDY; T2 = diet contining 15%PSC nd 5% BDY; T3 = diet contining 10% PSC nd 10% BDY; T4 = diet contining 5% PSC nd 15% BDY; T5 = diet contining 0% PSC nd 20% BDY; T6 = 0% PSC nd 0% BDY Tle 6: Crcss yield prmeters s ffected y feeding rewery dried yest nd penut seed cke Tretments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters T1 (20:0) T2 (15:5) T3 (10:10) T4 (5:15) T5 (0:20) T6 (0:0) SEM Slughter weight (g) 1570.50 1572.50 1576.00 1578.50 1577.50 1574.50 1.000 Dressing percentge (%) 89.00 88.90 89.40 89.40 89.50 89.30 0.840 Eviscerted percentge (%) 62.40 62.00 63.00 63.30 63.40 63.10 0.820 Brest (%) 17.30 17.10 16.50 16.10 16.00 16.70 1.570 GIT (%) 4.90 4.80 4.70 4.30 4.30 4.30 0.470 Liver (%) 2.70 2.70 2.50 2.50 2.10 2.40 0.200 Reproductive trct (%) 3.72 3.17 3.70 3.68 3.66 3.67 1.000, Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); SEM = Stndrd Error of the Men; GIT = Gstro Intestinl Trct; T1 = diet contining 20% PSC nd 0% BDY; T2 = diet contining 15%PSC nd 5% BDY; T3 = diet contining 10% PSC nd 10% BDY; T4 = diet contining 5% PSC nd 15% BDY; T5 = diet contining 0% PSC nd 20% BDY; T6 = 0% PSC nd 0% BDY T1 (20% PSC + 0% BDY) nd T2 (15% PSC + 5% BDY) the diet. Nuli nd Singh (2002) reported tht inclusion were similr with tht of irds on the control diet, ut of groundnut cke up to 30% inclusion levels in lyers diets contining T3 (10% PSC + 10% BDY), T4 (5% PSC rtion hd no effect on Hugh unit. + 15% BDY) nd T5 (0% PSC + 20% BDY) resulted in significntly (p<0.05) higher in yolk color thn tht of the Eggshell thickness: The men eggshell thickness irds on commercil diet. resulting from feeding the six tretment rtions is shown The reson for the incresed Roche fn mesurement in Tle 5. The results showed tht there ws no for T3, T4 nd T5 might e ssocited with vitmin E significnt (p>0.05) difference etween dietry content of BDY (Rnjhn, 2004). Vitmin E is nti-oxidnt tretments in egg shell thickness. These results greed to dietry ft tht enhnces yolk color y incresing the with the results reported y Adnn (1988) nd Lopez et utiliztion of oxycrotenoids (Hmilton nd Prkhust, l. (1981) who reported tht egg shell thickness ws not 1990). Further, ccording to Leeson nd Summers significntly ffected y the inclusion of rewery dried (2001) the mode of ction of yest in enhncing niml, grin in lyers rtion up to 25 nd 30% inclusion levels, performnce is not well understood. The Roche color respectively. Nuli nd Singh (2002) reported tht fn numer of 7 to 8 is ccepted for eggs in most res inclusion of groundnut cke up to 30% of lyers rtion (Leeson nd Summers, 2001). But the result of this hd no effect on shell thickness. Lopez et l. (1981) study ws lower thn this level. reported tht inclusion of 45% BDG in lyers rtion decresed egg shell qulity. The results of this study Hugh unit: The Hugh unit of RIR lying chicken fed implied tht feeding lyers with diets contining different with diets contining vrying levels of penut seed cke proportions of PSC nd BDY would not ffect the egg nd rewery dried yest is presented in Tle 5. The shell qulity of chicken. Hugh unit mesured did not significntly (p>0.05) vry up to 20% inclusion of rewery dried yest compred to Crcss yield prmeter: The effect of including vrying tht of the irds on control diet. The findings of this study levels of BDY nd PSC in RIR lyers slughter weight ws in greement with the reports of Adnn (1988) who (g), dressing percentge %, eviscerted percentge %, reported no significnt (p>0.05) difference in internl rest % nd reproductive trct % is presented in (Tle qulity of eggs expressed in Hugh unit y feeding 6). There were no significnt differences (p>0.05) in rewery dried grin up to 25% inclusion level. Fomd slughter weight, dressing percentge %, eviscerted nd Mfeni (2001) reported lso no significnt (p>0.05) percentge %, rest % nd reproductive trct % difference in Hugh unit y feeding BDG up to 30 % of etween the diets. The diet contining T4 nd T5 resulted 70
Tle 7: Economic considertion of Rhode Islnd Red chicken fed diets contining different proportion of penut seed cke nd rewery dried yest Tretments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters T1 (20:0) T2 (15:5) T3 (10:10) T4 (5:15) T5 (0:20) T6 (0:0) SEM Feed cost/kg (Birr) 172.55 172.75 173.30 173.85 174.05 176.99 - Feed cost per dozen of eggs (Birr) 3.46 3.49 3.43 3.63 3.65 3.78 0.040 Egg sle/feed cost 1.73 1.72 1.75 1.66 1.64 1.59 0.020, Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); SEM = Stndrd Error of the Men; *RSP = Roche Scle Points; T1 = diet contining 20% PSC nd 0% BDY; T2 = diet contining 15%PSC nd 5% BDY; T3 = diet contining 10% PSC nd 10% BDY; T4 = diet contining 5% PSC nd 15% BDY; T5 = diet contining 0% PSC nd 20% BDY; T6 = 0% PSC nd 0% BDY in the highest ody weight ut not significntly different 1.72, 1.75, 1.66, 1.64 nd 1.59 Birr, respectively. from others. The lest ody weight ws otined on Sttisticlly there ws no significnt difference (p>0.05) diets contining T1 (100% replcement of BDY y PSC). etween the different dietry tretments, ut tretment 3, The gstrointestinl trct % nd liver % resulting from rtion supplemented with 10% penut seed cke nd feeding the six tretment rtions is presented in (Tle 10% rewery dried yest ws higher thn the rest of the 6). GIT % of irds on the diet contining T4 (15% BDY + diets in egg sle to feed cost rtio, hence it could e 5% PSC) nd T5 (20% BDY + 0% PSC) ws similr with considered s the lest cost rtion. tht of the irds on the control diet. The GIT % irds were significntly (p<0.05) higher t T1 (0% BDY + 20% PSC), Conclusion: Feed efficiency, dressing percentge, T2 (5% BDY + 15% PSC) nd T3 (10% BDY + 10% PSC) eviscerted percentge, rest percentge nd thn control diet. The reson for the higher result of GIT reproductive trct percentge of RIR ws not negtively % diets contining in T1, T2 nd T3 might e the CF impcted y 100 % replcing of PSC y BDY. Brewery content of the diet. In this regrd Deton et l. (1979) dried yest could e lso included in Rhode Islnd Red noted tht GIT weight ws significntly incresed with chicken feed in order to increse yolk color. Birds of more dietry fier. The liver % of irds ws significntly tretment T3 (10% PSC + 10% BDY) hd lower feed cost (p<0.05) lower t T5 (20% BDY + 0% PSC) thn irds per dozen of egg thn T6, indicting lest cost rtion thn ssigned on T1 (0% BDY + 20% PSC), T2 (5% BDY + control diet. Brewery dried yest could e included in 15% PSC), T3 (10% BDY + 10% PSC), T4 (15% BDY + 5% Rhode Islnd Red chicken feed in order to increse PSC) nd control diet. In this experiment s the fertility nd htchility of fertile eggs nd it lso sustitution of PSC y BDY incresed it resulted in lower increse egg weight. The economic evlution showed liver weight. Moreover, the result of this study suggested tretment three T3 (10% PSC + 10% BDY) with highest tht high level of rewery dried yest might help in rtio could e considered s the lest cost rtion preventing the ftty liver syndrome. The reson for the indicting the highest return from sle of eggs thn the reduction in liver weight y high level of BDY might e control nd slightly other tretments. On the other hnd, due to n intrinsic nutritionl property of fermenttion the lying performnce of hens fed T3 (10% PSC + 10% residues, which mintin norml liver lipid metolism BDY) ws higher thn control diet, suggesting tht in chicken (Jensen et l., 1974). rewery dried yest could replce 50% of penut seed cke (prtil replcement) in lyers, rtion. Prtil udget nlysis: As shown in Tle 7, the results of the economic considertion s men of feed cost/dozen of eggs produced were 3.46, 3.49, 3.43, 3.63, REFERENCES Adnn Beker, 1988. Evlution of the Nutritive nd 3.65 nd 3.78 Birr for the tretments 1 to 6 respectively. Supplementry Vlue of Brewers Dried Grin in There ws sttisticlly significnt (p<0.05) difference in Lyers Poultry Rtion. M.Sc. Thesis Alemy men feed cost per dozen of eggs produced nd University, Ethiopi, pp: 70. tretment 6 (control) ws costly diet thn Tretment 3, Alemu Ymi, 1995. Poultry production in Ethiopi. World rtion with 10% penut seed cke nd 10% rewery Poult. Sci J., 51: 197-201. dried yest. AOAC, 1995. Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists. Diet on T3 ws slightly the lest cost rtion thn control Officil Methods of Anlysis (13th Edn). Wshington diet to produce eggs. The etter utiliztion of nutrients t DC. 50% replcement level might hve resulted in reduced Bonnier, P. nd H. Ksper, 1990. Htching Eggs y feed required to produce dozen of eggs, which might e Hens or in n Incutor. Agrodok No. 34. Agromis, due to optimum comintion of penut seed cke nd Wgeningen, pp: 39. rewery dried yest for improved mino cid lnce Deton, J.W., J.L. Menughton nd D. Burdek, 1979. required for protein synthesis for egg production. High fier sunflower mel s replcement for The economic comprison expressed s egg sle to soyen mel in lyer Diets. Br. Poult. Sci., 20: feed cost rtio for Tretment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 nd 6 were 1.73, 159-162. 71
FAO, 2004 (Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion). Smll Nuli, U. nd K.S. Singh, 2002. Replcement of dietry Scle Poultry Production. Animl Production nd Helth. Villge Poultry Consultnt. Wimn, New Zelnd, pp: 1-5. groundnut cke y soyen-mel supplemented with di-methionine on performnce of lyer chickens. In. J. Anim. Sci., 75: 1173-1176. Fomd, R. nd J. Mfeni, 2001. The evlution Prr, R. nd A. Escor, 1985. Use of Firous of rewers dried grin (BDG) in poultry rtion Agriculture Residues in Ruminnt Feeding in Ltin 1. Breeder chicken rtions. Tropicultur, 19: 61- Americ. FAO Animl Production nd Helth Pper. 64. No.50. Rome, Itly, pp: 111. Gohl, B., 1981. Tropicl Feeds: Feeds Informtion Rnjhn, S.K., 2004. Animl Nutrition in the Tropics. 5th Summry nd Nutritive Vlue. FAO, Rome, Itly, pp: Edn., Printed in Hindustn. Delhi, pp: 574. 529. Smuel Shle, 2008. The Epidemiology nd Hmilton, P.B. nd C.R. Prkhust, 1990. Improved mngement options of chocolte spot disese deposition of oxycrotenoids in egg yolks y dietry cotton seed oil. Poult. Sci., 69: 354-359. (Botrytis fe srd) on f en (Vici f L.) in Hugh, R.R., 1937. The Hugh unit for mesuring egg Northern Ethiopi. Ph.D Disserttion, Hrmy qulity. U.S. Egg Poultry Mgzine, 43: 552-553 nd University, Ethiopi, pp: 175. 572-573. In: Hsin, B.M., A.J.M. Ferdus, M.A. Islm, SAS, 2002. SAS User s Guide. Sttistics. SAS Institute, M.J. Uddin nd M.S. Islm, 2006. Mrigold nd ornge skin s egg yolk color promoting gents. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 979-987. Inc., Cry, NC. USA. Singh, J. nd S.S. Zomde, 1986. Protein qulity of groundnut cke s influenced y comining with Hill, F.W., 1969. Poultry nutrition nd nutrient other vegetle protein sources. In. J. Poult. Sci., requirements. Trop. Anim. Pro., 6: 249-256. 21: 42-48. Hunton, P., 1995. Egg Production, Processing nd Mrketing. In: World Poultry Science, Elsevier, Tokyo, pp: 457-480. Jensen, J.S., L. Flen nd C.H. Chng, 1974. Effects of Singh, K.S., C.M. Prsd nd R.T.D. Brhmkshtriy, 1981. Feeding vlue of sunflower nd groundnut ckes for lying hens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 6: 63-71. distillers dried grins with solule on reproduction Solomon Moges, 1992. The Effect of Processing nd liver ft ccumultion in lying hens. Poult. Sci., Methods of Oil Seed Ckes in Ethiopi on their 53: 586-592. Nutritive Vlue: In Vitro N-Degrdility nd N- Kmlzdeh, A., M. Rjeygi nd A. Kist, 2008. Metolism in Growing Sheep Fed Bsl Diet of Livestock production systems nd trends in Mize Stover. Ph.D Thesis, University of Bonn, livestock industry in Irn. J. Agric. Soc. Sci., 4: 183- Germny, pp: 152. 188. Wilson, H.R., 1997. Effect of mternl nutrition on Leeson, S. nd J.D. Summers, 2001. The Nutrition of htchility. Poult. Sci., 76: 134-143. Chicken. 4th Edn., University Books, Cnd, pp: 591. Wilson, K.J. nd R.S. Beyer, 2000. Poultry Nutrition Lopez, J.D., J.F. Crmon nd J.L.M. Pscul, 1981. Informtion for the Smll Flock. Knss Stte Evlution of rewers dried grins in the diets of University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd lying hens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 6: 169- Coopertive Extension Service. http://www.oznet. 178. McDonld, P., R.A. Edwrd, J.F.D. Greehlgn nd C.A. ksu.edu. Wu, G., Z. Liu, M.M. Brynt nd D.A. Rolnd, 2001. Morgn, 2002. Animl Nutrition. 6th Edn., Ashford Performnce Comprison nd Nutritionl Color Press, Gsport, pp: 567. Mishr, A.S., 1993. Feed Afltoxins nd Dietry Tretments to Reduce their Effects in Chicken. Ph.D Requirements of Five Commercil Lyer Strins in Phse IV. Deprtment of Poultry Science, Auurn University. http://www.ridley feeding ingridients. Thesis, Govind Bllh Pnt University of com. Agriculture nd Technology, Pntngr, Indi, pp: 269. 72