Effects of Different Sources and Levels of Selenium on Performance, Thyroid Function and Antioxidant Status in Stressed Broiler Chickens
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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (6): , 2009 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Effects of Different Sources nd Levels of Selenium on Performnce, Thyroid Function nd Antioxidnt Sttus in Stressed roiler Chickens Chun Fn, ing Yu nd Diwen Chen Animl Nutrition Institute, Sichun Agriculturl University, Y n , Chin Astrct: The effects of dding different sources nd levels of selenium on performnce, thyroid function nd ntioxidnt sttus in stressed roiler chickens were evluted. Stress ws induced y supplementtion with 20 mg/kg Corticosterone (CORT) in sl diet. Totl 144 Avin roilers were used for 2 weeks from 14 dys of ge, which were rndomly distriuted to 6 groups. One of these groups ws fed with sl diets nd the remining with sl diet supplemented with CORT. Menwhile, diets used in CORT groups were supplemented with 0, 0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg sodium selenite or yest selenium, respectively. The results showed tht dietry CORT resulted in significnt suppression of growth nd thyroid function, increse in cretine kinse ctivity nd uric cid concentrtion in serum, indicting tht CORT induced stress of roilers. In ddition, the lnce etween pro-oxidnts nd ntioxidnts ws distured y CORT dministrtion, resulting in oxidtive injury in the ody. Supplementtion of dietry selenium improved feed efficiency, promoted conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), minimized the chnges of lood iochemicl prmeters; furthermore, it elevted ntioxidses ctivities nd decresed lipid peroxidtion products in stressed roilers. The effects of dding 0.4 mg/kg selenium were etter thn 0.1 mg/kg. Although there ws no significnt difference etween two selenium sources, it ws conclude tht high level of inorgnic or orgnic selenium ws le to ttenute stress nd oxidtive injury due to exogenous CORT dministrtion, especilly orgnic yest selenium. Key words: Selenium, corticosterone, roiler, stress, oxidtive injury INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Selenium hs een considered s n essentil trce Animls nd mngement: One hundred nd forty-four element tht plys importnt roles in growth, immune 14-dy old Avin roiler chickens were used in this function, productivity nd nti-stress. It is well known tht experiment. All chickens kept in pens were given feed the form of supplementl selenium includes inorgnic nd wter d liitum with 24 h light nd cquired nd orgnic selenium nd the recommendtion immunity ccording to usul wys. This study ws concentrtion of selenium in roiler diets is 0.15 mg/kg pproved y the Committee of Sichun Agriculturl (NRC, 1994). The mjority of pervious studies University for Animl Cre nd Use. investigted the effects of dding different selenium source in roiler chickens just in norml condition. Experimentl design nd diets: Chickens were However, in modern lrge-scle poultry production, there rndomly llotted into 6 tretments with 3 replictes of 8 re mny fctors, such s temperture, density, immune irds ech. riefly, the control group (Group 3) ws given stimultion, trnsport nd feed qulity et l., which could the sl diet; the stressed group (Group 33) ws given cuse stress of roiler chickens esily, resulting in the sl diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg growth inhiition nd oxidtive injury in the ody. corticosterone (Sigm, = 92%, USA); the groups 333, 3V, In stress condition, selenium requirements of roilers V nd 3V were fed the diets with sme content of my chnge, wheres, the effects of different selenium corticosterone nd 0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg sodium selenite or sources in stressed roiler re not cler yet. Recently, yest selenium, respectively (Tle 1). The sl diet some studies reported tht exogenous Corticosterone ws formulted ccording to nutrient requirements of (CORT) dministrtion would significntly increse poultry (NRC, 1994) (Tle 2). The experiment lsted 14 CORT concentrtion in lood nd induce stress or dys. oxidtive stress in roiler chickens (Tniguchi et l., 1997; Eid et l., 2003; Lin et l., 2004). Smple collection nd nlysis: The feed intke of In the present study, the ojective ws to evlute the chickens ws mesured weekly. At the end of the effects of different sources nd levels of selenium on experiment, chickens in ech pen were weighed s performnce, thyroid function nd ntioxidnt sttus in group nd lood smples were collected from win vein stressed roiler chickens induced y dietry of 2 irds of ech replicte. The serum ws seprted corticosterone dministrtion. y centrifugtion t 3000 rpm for 10 min. Superntnt 583
2 Tle 1: Experimentl design Items Group I (Control) V V V 3 Se level (mg/kg) Se source N2SeO3 N2SeO3 Yest-Se Yest-Se Corticosterone Note: - denotes no supplementtion of corticosterone with the sl diet; + denotes supplementtion of tht Tle 2: Composition nd nutrient levels of the sl diet Ingredients (%) Nutrient levels Mize Metolic energy (Mcl/kg) 3.02 Soyen mel Crude protein (%) Rpeseed oil 3.20 Lysine (%) 1.01 Clcium cronte 1.39 Methionine (%) 0.43 Diclcium phosphte 1.26 Methionine + cystine (%) 0.70 DL-methionine 0.15 Clcium (%) 0.90 Slt 0.3 Aville phosphonium (%) 0.35 Choline chloride 0.15 Selenium (mg/kg) 0.04 Premix 0.5 () Provided per kilogrm of complete feed: vitmin A IU, vitmin D IU, vitmin E 40IU, vitmin K mg, vitmin 1 4 mg, vitmin 2 12 mg, vitmin mg, vitmin mg, nicin 60 mg, C-pntothenic cid 20 mg, folic cid 2 mg, iotin 0.16 mg nd copper 8 mg, zinc 40 mg, iron 80 mg, mngnese 60 mg, iodine 0.35 mg, () Anlysis dt ws gthered into Eppendorf tues respectively nd this tendency. Menwhile, the concentrtions declined o then immeditely stored t -20 C until nlysis. s selenium level incresed, lthough still higher thn The concentrtion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), the control group (p>0.05) nd Yest-Se ws slightly thyroxine (T4) nd Corticosterone (CORT) in serum were etter thn N2SeO 3 (p>0.05). determined y Rdioimmune Assy (RIA) nd Enzymelinked Immunosorent Assy (ELISA) using commercil Thyroid hormone: In Tle 4, the concentrtions of kits (3V ioengineering group Co., Ltd, Shndong, Chin thyroid hormone in serum of roilers were presented. nd Rpidio, CA, USA), respectively. Compred with the control group, dietry CORT Activities of Gluththione Peroxidse (GPX), Superoxide tretments decresed T3 (p<0.01), T4 (p>0.05) nd Dismutse (SOD), Ctlse (CAT), Alnine T3:T4 (p>0.05). However, s selenium level incresed, Aminotrnsferse (ALT) nd Cretine Kinse (CK) nd T3 nd T3:T4 incresed oviously nd T4 trended to content of Mlondildehyde (MDA), Totl Antioxidnt decrese. There ws no significnt difference in Cpcity (T-AOC), Glucose (GLU) nd Uric Acid (UA) in selenium sources; however, 0.4 mg/kg Yest-Se group serum were dertermined y stndrd ssy kits hd higher T3 nd T3:T4 thn the other CORT groups. (Jincheng ioengineering Institute, Nnjing, Chin). Serum iochemicl prmeters: In Tle 5, Sttisticl nlysis: Dt ws nlyzed y one-wy iochemicl prmeters in serum of roilers were ANOVA nd men vlues were compred y multiple shown. The ctivities of ALT (p>0.05) nd CK (p<0.05) in rnge test (Duncn) with SPSS Sttisticl the CORT groups were higher thn those in the control significnce ws ccepted t p<0.05. group, so ws UA content (p<0.05). Supplementtion of different sources nd levels of selenium decresed those prmeters, especilly 0.4 mg/kg Yest-Se group (p<0.05), compred with CORT group. There ws no difference in the concentrtion of GLU mong ll groups, ut GLU trended to increse in roilers consuming CORT diet without selenium. RESULTS Performnce nd serum corticosterone concentrtion: The growth performnce nd serum corticosterone concentrtion of roilers were shown in Tle 3. Dietry CORT significntly decresed ADG (p<0.01) nd incresed G:F (p<0.01), wheres supplementtion of different levels of selenium improved dily gins nd feed conversion rtio in roilers nd the effect of 0.4 mg/kg Yest-Se ws the est. ut there were no differences etween selenium sources. The different dietry tretment lso did not ffect ADFI mong ll groups. As for serum corticosterone concentrtion, CORT diet group ws significntly higher thn the control group (p<0.05) nd supplementtion of selenium minimized Antioxidnt sttus: The effect of dding selenium on ntioxidnt sttus of roilers ws shown in Tle 6. The ctivities of GPX, SOD nd T-AOC in serum were reduced y dietry CORT tretment nd incresed y dding selenium. Their ctivities in roilers consuming CORT diets supplemented 0.4 mg/kg Se were highest in ll groups, wheres Yest-Se ws superior to N2SeO 3 (p>0.05). There ws no difference in serum CAT ctivity mong ll groups. Compred with the 584
3 Tle 3: Effect of dding selenium on performnce nd serum corticosterone concentrtion of stressed roilers Averge Dily Gins (ADG) (g) A Averge Dily Feed Intke (ADFI) (g) Gin:Feed rtio (G:F) A 2.08 c 3.60 c 3.41 c 3.29 c Corticosterone (nmol/l) Men vlues in row with different superscript smll letter re significnt difference (p<0.05), those with the different superscript cpitl letter re significnt difference (p<0.01) Tle 4: Effect of dding selenium on serum thyroid hormone of stressed roilers T3 (ng/ml) De 0.80 A 0.61 A 0.64 Ccd 0.70 Ac 0.67 CDd T4 (ng/ml) A A A A A T3:T4 rtio A A A Ac Ac c Men vlues in row with different superscript smll letter re significnt difference (p<0.05), those with the different superscript cpitl letter re significnt difference (p<0.01) Tle 5: Effect of dding selenium on iochemicl indices in serum of stressed roilers Items Group V V V3 SEM ALT (IU/l) Ac 2.67 c 3.67 A 2.00 A 2.00 A 1.33 A GLU (mmol/l) UA (ìmol/l) CK (U/ml) Men vlues in row with different superscript smll letter re significnt difference (p<0.05), those with the different superscript cpitl letter re significnt difference (p<0.01) Tle 6: Effect of dding selenium on ntioxidnt sttus in serum of stressed roilers GPX (U) A A C CDc C Dc SOD (U/ml) A A C CDc CD Dc CAT (U/ml) T-AOC (U/ml) c c c c MDA (nmol/ml) Men vlues in row with different superscript smll letter re significnt difference (p<0.05), those with the different superscript cpitl letter re significnt difference (p<0.01) control group, the content of MDA incresed (p<0.05) in roilers consuming CORT diet, ut llevited y supplementtion with selenium, especilly t 0.4 mg/kg (p<0.05). The source of selenium did not ffect MDA (p>0.05). DISCUSSION The elevtion of lood corticosterone concentrtion could e considered s the signl of suffered stress (Moerg nd Mench, 2000). In present study, it ws cler tht the corticosterone concentrtion in serum significntly elevted; menwhile, the growth performnce significntly declined, reflected in decrese in dily gins nd feed efficiency in roilers consuming CORT diet, indicting tht dietry CORT induced stress of irds, in ccordnce with the results of previous studies (Tniguchi et l., 1997; Eid et l., 2003; Lin et l., 2004; Virden et l., 2007). In ddition, dietry CORT distured secretion of thyroid hormone, cusing decrese in serum T3, T4 nd T3:T4 rtio, similr to the studies of Drrs et l. (1996) nd Sui (2005). Thyroid hormone could e responsile for nolic metolism of nutrients in niml growth nd He et l. (2000) demonstrted tht selenium improved growth of roilers vi thyroid hormone sttus. Stress induced y CORT suppressed thyroid function, then decresed muscle protein synthesis nd enhnced proteolysis, resulting in growth inhiition of roilers eventully. However, s dding level of selenium elevted, feed conversion rte of stressed roilers trended to improve, indicting tht high level of dietry selenium could prtly counterct growth inhiition cused y stress. Our results were similr to the study of piglets suffered oxidtive stress induced y diqut dministrtion (Yun, 2007). This role of selenium might e prtly ssocited with thyroid hormone, ecuse high level of selenium could e n inhiitor of corticosterone secretion to reduce the dmge of thyroid function. Menwhile, selenoproteins in thyroid, such s glutthione peroxidse nd thioredoxin reductse, were le to remove excessive H2O2 generted from thyroid follicle y stress, so s to mintin the integrity of the structure nd function of thyroid (Ekholm nd jorkmn, 1997). Moreover, liver 5 deiodinse 3, s nother selenoprotein, ws responsile for conversion of T4-T3 in the ody. Supplementtion of selenium promoted production of 585
4 iologiclly ctive T3 y elevting deiodinse 3 ctivity (Arthur et l., 1990). The serum cretine kinse ctivity would rise when dmge of skeletl muscle nd hert tissue nd destruction of the memrne rrier y vrious fctors. In present study, the CK ctivity significntly incresed in CORT tretment group, in line with the reports of Mlherios et l. (2003) nd Lin et l. (2004). However, it decresed oviously in stressed roilers s dding level of selenium incresed; indicting high level of selenium ws le to llevite tissue injury due to stress. Uric cid ws the end product of protein metolism nd lso considered s non-enzymtic ntioxidnt in irds, especilly under chronic stress condition (Wtne et l., 1997). In present study, the UA concentrtion in serum ws incresed y dietry CORT, wheres decresed y supplied with selenium. Selenium could enhnce enzymtic ntioxidnts to improve ntioxidnt cpcity in ody nd menwhile protect the muscle cell memrne to inhiit protein ctolism, ringing out decrese in UA together, which enefited the recovery of growth of stressed roilers. In ddition, we lso oserved the increse in ALT ctivity in stressed roilers, suggesting possile liver injure. After dding selenium, the decrese in ALT ctivity indicted tht selenium might e involved in protection of liver cell nd metolism of mino cids, ut which needs further study. It ws surprised tht the level of GLU in serum did not rise, possily due to reltive lter time of lood collection nd the different dose of dietry CORT, compred with some studies (Sui, 2005; Jing, 2007). In ddition, the significnt increse in serum concentrtion of MDA in chickens consuming CORT diet, indicting oxidtive stress, in line with pervious reports (Ohtsuk et l., 1998; Eid et l., 2003; Lin et l., 2004). Accompnied y n increse in lipid peroxidtion products, the ctivities of GPX, SOD nd CAT nd T-AOC in serum declined in CORT tretment group since ugmented formtion of Rective Oxygen Species (ROS) countercted plenty of ntioxidses in the ody, however, which ws chnged y supplementtion of selenium. GPX, the ctive site of which is incorported y selenium vi selenocysteine, together with SOD nd CAT constitute the enzymtic ntioxidnt system of the ody, ginst toxic to hydrogen peroxide, eliminting free rdicl nd protecting cell memrne. High level of selenium enhnced ntioxidnt cpcity nd relieved oxidtive stress, reflected in elevtion of ntioxidses ctivities nd decrese in lipid peroxidtion products. As for selenium sources, there ws no significnt difference etween sodium selenite nd yest selenium. It seemed tht the effect of nti-stress of selenium hd nothing to do with the form of selenium, ut the effects of orgnic yest selenium were superior to inorgnic selenium slightly. In ny cse, supplementtion with high level of selenium could ttenute stress nd oxidtive injury cused y dietry CORT. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work ws supported y the Progrm for Chngjing Scholrs nd Innovtive Reserch Tem in Universities, Ministry of Eduction of the People s Repulic of Chin (No.IRTO555-5). REFERENCES Arthur, J.R., F. Nicol nd G.J. eckett, Heptic iodothyronine 5 2-deiodinse?: The role of selenium. iochem. J., 272: Drrs, V.M., S.P. Kotnen, K.L. Geris, L.R. erghmn nd E.R. Hqhn, Plsm thyroid hormone levels nd iodothyronine deiodinse ctivity following n cute glucocorticoid chllenge in emryonic compred with posthtch chickens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 104: Eid, Y.Z., A. Ohtsuk nd K. Hyshi, Te polyphenols reduce glucocorticoids induced growth inhiition nd oxidtive stress in roiler chickens. r. Poult. Sci., 44: Ekholm, R. nd U. jorkmn, Glutthione peroxidse degrdes intrcellulr hydrogen peroxide nd therey inhiits intrcellulr protein iodintion in thyroid epithelium. Endocrinol., 138: He, J.H., A. Ohtsuk nd K. Hysh, Selenium influences growth vi thyroid hormone sttus in roiler chickens. r. J. Nutr., 84: Jing, K.J., Effects of stress nd dietry energy level on growth nd lipid metolism of roiler chickens. Mster s thesis. Shndong Agricltul University, Ti n, Chin. Lin, H., E. Decuypere nd J. uyse, Oxidtive stress induced y corticosterone dministrtion in roiler chickens (Gllus gllus domesticus)1. Chronic exposure. Comprtive iochem. nd Physiol., 139: Mlherios, R.D., V.M. Mores, A. Collin, E. Decuypere nd J. uyse, Free diet selection y roiler s influenced y dietry mcronutrient rtio nd corticosterone supplementtion.1. Diet selection, orgn weights nd plsm metolites. Poult. Sci., 82: Moerg, G.P. nd J.A. Mench, The iology of Animl Stress: sic Princilies nd implictions for niml welfre. CAI Pulishing: 3-6. Ntionl Reserch Council, Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Ed. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Ohtsuk, A., T. Ohtni, H. Horiguchi nd K. Hyshi, Vitmin E reduces glucocorticoids induced growth inhiition nd lipid peroxidtion in rts. J. Nutri. Sci. Vitninl., 44:
5 Sui, S.J., Effects of stress nd energy type of diets Wtne, C., C.Y. Kim nd H. Stoh, Tissueon met qulity of roilers. Mster s thesis. specific modifiction of selenium concentrtion y Shndong Agricltul University, Ti n, Chin. cute nd chronic dexmethsone dministrtion Tniguchi, N., A. Ohtsuk nd K. Hyshi, Effect of in mice. r. J. Nutr., 78: dietry corticosterone nd vitmin E on growth nd Yun, S.., Impcts of oxidtive stress on piglets oxidtive stress in roiler chickens. Anim. Sci. J., 70: nd the nti-stress effect nd mechnism of selenium. Doctoril thesis. Sichun Agricltul Virden, W.S., M.S. Lilurn, J.P. Thxton, A. Corzo, D. University, Y n, Chin. Hoehler nd M.T. Kidd, The effect of corticosterone induced stress on mino cid digestiility in Ross roiler. Poult. Sci., 86:
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