Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal drainage, after hepatic resection, 159 160 Ablation, radiofrequency, for hepatocellular carcinoma, 160 161 Adenocarcinoma, pancreatic. See Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant therapy, for colon cancer, 190 192, 198 204 for esophageal carcinoma, 62 63, 66 67 for gastric cancer, 85 86 for hepatocellular carcinoma, 157 159, 161 164 for high-risk melanoma, 15 16, 23 26 for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 119 128, 138 144 for rectal cancer, 217 220 for resectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma, 168 169, 178 179 Allogeneic tumor vaccine, for resected node-negative melanoma, 22 23 melanoma lysate, with interferon alfa-2b for resected stage III cutaneous melanoma, 26 27 Anal cancer, randomized clinical trials in rectal and, 205 223 level IA evidence, 220 222 Anastrozole, with tamoxifen, for early-stage breast cancer, 53 55 Antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site, in gastric cancer patients, 83 Arterial chemoembolization, in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, 162 164 Axilla, in breast cancer, Level 1A evidence on evaluation and management of, 39 40 Axillary lymph node dissection, vs. sentinel node biopsy as staging procedure in breast cancer, 39 40 B Bevcizumab, for metastatic colorectal cancer, 174 176 Biochemotherapy, for melanoma, 27 29 Breast cancer, randomized clinical trials in, 33 58 Level IA evidence, 33 55 adjuvant radiation, 40 44 endocrine therapy, 49 55 evaluation and management of the axilla, 39 40 polychemotherapy in operable cases, 44 49 surgical trials, 33 39 C Cancer, randomized clinical trials for, 1 227 breast cancer, 33 58 colon cancer, 183 204 colorectal carcinoma, advanced and metastatic, 163 181 Surg Oncol Clin N Am 19 (2010) 225 234 doi:10.1016/s1055-3207(09)00111-2 surgonc.theclinics.com 1055-3207/09/$ see front matter ª 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
226 Index Cancer (continued) esophageal carcinoma, 59 80 gastric cancer, 81 100 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 101 113 hepatocellular carcinoma, 151 162 melanoma, 13 31 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 115 150 rectal and anal cancers, 205 223 soft tissue sarcoma, 1 11 Capecitabine, as adjuvant for stage III colon cancer, 199 for advanced colorectal carcinoma, 170 171 for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 71 72 for metastatic colorectal carcinoma, 171 172 Cetuximab, for advanced colorectal cancer, 177 178 Chemoembolization, in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, 162 164 Chemoradiotherapy, randomized clinical trials, adjuvant, for gastric cancer, 85, 92 93 esophageal carcinoma, 60 64, 66 70, 71 75 definitive, vs. trimodality therapy, 63 64 for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 121 126, 140 143 rectal cancer, preoperative vs. postoperative, 218 219 Chemotherapy, for advanced and metastatic colorectal carcinoma, 163 181 comparisons of regimens, 167 168, 170 178 duration, dosing, and frequency of, 170, 182 183 level IA evidence, 170 183 molecular markers of efficacy, 169, 181 182 neoadjuvant and adjuvant, for resectable liver metastases, 168 169, 178 179 regional, 169, 179 181 randomized clinical trials, anal cancer, 216, 220 222 breast cancer, 43 44, 44 49 plus trastuzumab for HER2-positive, 48 49 neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant, 47 48 preoperative, 46 47 with hormonal therapy for early, 44 46 with locoregional radiation therapy, 43 44 colon cancer, 198 204 esophageal carcinoma, 60 64, 66 70, 71 75 curative, 60 64, 68 70, 71 75 palliative, 66 67 gastric cancer, 85 86, 91 92, 94 97 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 104 105, 105 113 melanoma, 27 29 rectal cancer, 213 215, 218 219 soft tissue sarcoma, 2, 4 10 Cisplatin, for advanced gastric cancer, 72 73, 95 97 for advanced adenocarcinoma of stomach or esophagogastric junction, 73 74 for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 74 75 for anal canal carcinoma, 220 222 for esophageal carcinoma, 68 69 for metastatic malignant melanoma, 27 29 Clinical trials, randomized. See Randomized clinical trials. Colectomy, laparoscopy-assisted vs. open for colon cancer, 192 196
Index 227 Colon cancer. See also Colorectal carcinoma., randomized clinical trials in, 183 204 adjuvant therapy, 190 192, 198 204 level IA evidence, 192 204 surgery, 187 190, 192 197 Colorectal carcinoma. See also Colon cancer and Rectal cancer. advanced and metastatic, randomized clinical trials with chemotherapy for, 163 181 comparisons of regimens, 167 168, 170 178 duration, dosing, and frequency of, 170, 182 183 level IA evidence, 170 183 molecular markers of efficacy, 169, 181 182 neoadjuvant and adjuvant, for resectable liver metastases, 168 169, 178 179 regional, 169, 179 181 Cutaneous melanoma. See also Melanoma. size of surgical margins, 17 18 D Dacarbazine, for metastatic malignant melanoma, 23 24, 27 29 Dartmouth regimen, for metastatic melanoma, 16 17 Docetaxel, for advanced gastric cancer, 72 73, 95 96 for soft tissue sarcoma, with gemcitabine, 9 10 Doxorubicin, for soft tissue sarcoma, neoadjuvant, 8 9 vs. ifosfamide, 7 8 Drainage, abdominal, after hepatic resection, 159 160 intraperitoneal, after gastrectomy, 84 intraperitoneal, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, 137 138 Ductal carcinoma in situ, adjuvant radiation therapy after excision of, 40 43 E Endocrine therapy, randomized clinical trials with, breast cancer, 49 55 adjuvant anastrozole and tamoxifen for early-stage, 53 55 tamoxifen for prevention of, 49 51 tamoxifen, 5 years of vs. more than 5 years of, 52 53 Epirubicin, for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 74 75 for soft tissue sarcoma, 4 5 Erlotinib, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 143 144, 143 144 Esophageal carcinoma, randomized clinical trials in, 59 80 staging, 66 summary of Level IA evidence, 67 75 capecitabine and oxaliplatin, 71 72 cisplatin and fluorouracil with or without docetaxel, 72 73 comparison of surgical techniques, 70 71 epirubicin, cisplatin and PVI 5-fluorouracil, 74 65 high-dose chemoradiotherapy with curative intent, 69 70 induction chemoradiotherapy vs. surgery alone, 68 69 irinotecan with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid, 73 74 surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy, 67 68 with curative intent, 60 66 definitive chemoradiotherapy vs. trimodality therapy, 63 64 radiotherapy technique, 65 66
228 Index Esophageal (continued) surgery alone vs. adjuvant therapy, 62 63 surgery alone vs. neoadjuvant therapy, 60 62 surgery vs. chemotherapy, 60 surgical technique, 64 65 with palliative intent, 66 67 Esophagectomy, extended transthoracic vs. limited transhiatal resection, 70 71 Ethanol injection, percutaneous, for hepatocellular carcinoma, 160 161 F Fluoropyrimidines, for metastatic colorectal cancer, 176 177 S-1, adjuvant therapy for gastric cancer with, 94 95, 96 97 Fluorouracil, 5- (5-FU), for advanced adenocarcinoma of stomach or esophagogastric junction, 73 74 for advanced colorectal carcinoma, 170 171, 179 180 for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 74 75 for advanced gastric cancer, 72 73, 95 96 for anal cancer, 220 222 for colon cancer, 198, 199, 200 201, 203, 204 for esophageal carcinoma, 68 69 for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 121 126, 140 143 FOLFIRI. See Irinotecan, Fluorouracil and Leucovorin. FOLFOX. See Fluorouracil and Leucovorin. Folinic acid, for advanced adenocarcinoma of stomach or esophagogastric junction, 73 74 for advanced colorectal carcinoma, 179 180 G Gastrectomy, intraperitoneal drainage after, 84 nasojejunal decompression after total, 84 pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without extended lymphadenectomy and distal, 134 136 reconstruction after, 83 84 Gastric cancer, randomized clinical trials in, 81 100 chemotherapy with and without radiation therapy, 84 86 adjuvant chemoradiation, 85 adjuvant chemotherapy, 85 86 Helicobacter pylori eradication, 86 intraperitoneal therapy, 86 neoadjuvant therapy, 84 85 Level IA evidence, 87 98 adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1, 94 95 chemoradiotherapy after surgery vs. surgery alone, 92 93 cisplatin and fluorouracil with or without docetaxel, 95 96 effects of eradicating Helicobacter pylori disease, 97 98 extended lymph node dissection, 87, 88, 89 para-aortic nodal dissection plus D2 lymphadenectomy, 89 90 perioperative chemotherapy vs. surgery alone, 91 92 S-1 plus cisplatin vs. S-1 alone, 96 97 splenectomy vs. splenic preservation, 90 91
Index 229 metachronous, Helicobacter pylori eradication and, 97 98 metastatic disease, 86 87 surgery, 81 84 extent of lymphadenectomy, 81 82 intraperitoneal drainage after gastrectomy, 84 minimally invasive resection, 83 nasojejunal decompression after total gastrectomy, 84 reconstruction after gastrectomy, 83 84 surgical site infection prophylaxis, 83 Gastroenterology, trials in, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 131 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), randomized clinical trials in, 101 113 chemotherapy and metastatic disease, 104 105 Level IA evidence, 105 113 imatinib mesylate, 105 113 sunitinab, 111 113 ongoing trials, 105 surgery and radiation, 103 104 Gemcitabine, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 121 129, 138 140, 143 144 for soft tissue sarcoma, 9 10 H Helicobacter pylori, eradication of, in gastric cancer, 86, 97 98 Hepatic arterial infusion, for colorectal carcinoma liver metastases, 169, 179 181 Hepatocellular carcinoma, randomized clinical trials in, 151 162 adjuvant or palliative therapy, 157 159, 161 164 level IA evidence, 159 164 surgery and ablation, 155 157, 159 161 HER2-positive breast cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab for, 48 49 Hormonal therapy. See Endocrine therapy. I Ifosfamide, for soft tissue sarcoma, 4 5 adjuvant epirubcin with or without, 4 5 high-dose, with oral or IV Mesna, 6 7 neoadjuvant, 8 9 vs. doxorubicin, 7 8 Imatinib mesylate, for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 104 105, 105 113 adjuvant after surgery, 112 113 at two dose levels, 107 108 efficacy and safety, 105 107 interruption vs. continuation of treatment, 109 110 progression-free survival with high-dose, 108 109 sunitinib after failure of, 111 112 Immunotherapy, adjuvant, for resected node-negative melanoma, 22 23 allogeneic melanoma lysate vaccine with interferon alfa-2b for resected stage III cutaneous melanoma, 26 27 for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 134 Infection control, antibiotic prophylaxis at gastric cancer surgical site, 83
230 Index Interferon (IFN) alfa-2b, for metastatic malignant melanoma, 27 29 for resected melanoma, 21 pegylated, for resected stage II melanoma, 25 26 with allogeneic melanoma lysate vaccine for resected stage III melanoma, 25 26 Interferon (IFN) alpha-2a, for high-risk resected malignant melanoma, 24 25 for resected melanoma with lymph node metastases, 23 24 Interleukin -2 (IL-2), for metastatic malignant melanoma, 27 29 for resected melanoma, 21 Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, for gastric cancer, 86 for soft tissue sarcoma vs. cytoreduction alone, 5 6 Intraperitoneal drainage, after gastrectomy, 84 after pancreaticoduodenectomy, 137 138 Irinotecan, for advanced adenocarcinoma of stomach or esophagogastric junction, 73 74 for colon cancer, 203 for metastatic colorectal carcinoma, 172 173, 174 175, 182 183 K K-ras mutations, as marker in advanced colorectal carcinoma, 181 182 L Laparoscopy-assisted resection, of colorectal carcinoma, 216 217 vs. open colectomy for colon cancer, 192 196 Leucovorin, for colon cancer, 198, 199, 200 201, 204 for advanced colorectal carcinoma, 170 171 Lipiodol, transarterial chemoembolization with, 163 164 Liver metastases, resectable, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for, 168 169, 178 179 Local therapy, more vs. less, for early breast cancer, 36 39 Lumpectomy, for invasive breast cancer, 20 year follow-up, 35 36 Lymph node dissection, axillary, vs. sentinel node biopsy as staging procedure in breast cancer, 39 40 Lymphadenectomy, extent of, in gastric cancer, 81 82, 87 90 pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended, 134 136 M Margins, surgical, in high-risk malignant melanoma, 18 19 size of, for cutaneous melanoma, 17 18 Markers, molecular, of chemotherapy efficacy in advanced and metastatic colorectal carcinoma, 169, 181 182 Mastectomy, 20-year follow-up on total, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy with radiation, 35 36 25-year follow-up on radical, total, and total with radiation, 33 35 Melanoma, randomized clinical trials in, 13 31 adjuvant treatment of high-risk, 15 16 Level IA evidence, 17 29 adjuvant treatment (nodal disease/high-risk primary), 23 26 surgical trials, 17 23 systemic treatments (metastatic disease), 26 29 metastatic, treatment of, 16 17
Index 231 primary, 13 14 regional metastatic disease, 14 15 Mesna, oral vs. IV, for soft tissue sarcoma, 6 7 Mesorectal excision, total, preoperative radiotherapy and, for rectal cancer, 217 218 Metastases, resectable liver, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for, 168 169, 178 179 Metastatic disease, gastric cancer, 86 87 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 104 105 melanoma, 16 17, 26 29 treatment of, 16 17 Minimally invasive surgery, in gastric cancer, 83 in rectal cancer, 210 211 Mitomycin, in MCF regimen for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 74 75 vs. cisplatin in regimen for anal canal carcinoma, 220 222 Molecular markers, of chemotherapy efficacy in advanced and metastatic colorectal carcinoma, 169, 181 182 Molecular therapy, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 129 130 N Nasojejunal decompression, after total gastrectomy, 84 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, for breast cancer, 46 47 vs. adjuvant systemic treatment, 47 48 for esophageal carcinoma, 60 62 for gastric cancer, 84 85 for soft tissue sarcoma, 8 9 Neoadjuvant therapy, for resectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma, 168 169, 178 179 Nutrition, trials in, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 131 O Oxaliplatin, 171 172 for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 71 72 for colon cancer, 198, 204 for metastatic colorectal carcinoma, 171 173, 175 177 P Palliative therapy, for esophageal carcinoma, 66 67 for hepatocellular carcinoma, 157 159, 161 164 for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 134 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, randomized clinical trials in, 115 150 between 1977 and 2000, 117 118 chemotherapy, 119 129, 138 144 adjuvant chemoradiation and, after surgical resection, 121 123, 138 144 palliative chemoradiation and, 123 126 gastroenterology, 130 immunotherapy, 134 level IA evidence, 134 144 molecular therapy, 129 130 nutrition, 131 133 palliative therapy, 134 surgery, 118 119, 134 138
232 Index Pancreaticoduodenectomy, pylorus-preserving vs. standard Whipple, 136 137 value of intraperitoneal drainage after, 137 138 with or without extended lymphadenectomy and distal gastrectomy, 134 136 Para-aortic nodal dissection, in gastric cancer, 89 90 Pegylated interferon (IFN) alfa-2b, for resected stage II melanoma, 25 26 Preoperative therapy. See Neoadjuvant therapy. Prevention, of breast cancer, tamoxifen for, 49 51 Prophylaxis, antibiotic, surgical site, in gastric cancer patients, 83 Protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU), in regimen for advanced esophagogastric cancer, 74 75 Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, vs. standard Whipple procedure, 136 137 R Radiation therapy. See also Chemoradiotherapy. randomized clinical trials with, anal, 216, 220 222 breast cancer, 35 36, 40 44 esophageal carcinoma, 60 64, 65 66 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 103 104 in trimodality therapy for esophageal carcinoma, 68 69 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 131 133 rectal cancer, 212 213, 217 220 soft tissue sarcoma, 2, 3 4 Radiofrequency ablation, vs. ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma, 160 161 Randomized clinical trials, 1 227 breast cancer, 33 58 colon cancer, 183 204 colorectal carcinoma, advanced and metastatic, 163 181 esophageal carcinoma, 59 80 gastric cancer, 81 100 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 101 113 hepatocellular carcinoma, 151 162 melanoma, 13 31 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 115 150 rectal and anal cancers, 205 223 soft tissue sarcoma, 1 11 Reconstructive surgery, after anterior resection of rectal cancer, 211 212 after gastrectomy, 83 84 Rectal cancer. See also Colorectal carcinoma. randomized clinical trials in, 205 223 chemotherapy, 213 215, 218 220 level IA evidence, 216 222 radiation, 212 213, 217 220 surgery, 210 212, 216 217 Regional chemotherapy, hepatic arterial infusion for colorectal carcinoma liver metastases, 169, 179 181 S S-1, adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with, 94 95, 96 97 Sentinel lymph node evaluation, vs. standard pathologic staging for colon cancer, 196 197 Sentinel node biopsy, vs. lymph node dissection as staging procedure in breast cancer, 39 40
Index 233 vs. nodal observation in melanoma, 19 20 Soft tissue sarcoma, randomized clinical trials in, 1 11 chemotherapy, 2, 4 10 epirubicin with or without ifosfamide, 4 5 gemcitabine alone vs. with docetaxal, 9 10 ifosfamide vs. doxorubicin, 7 8 intraperitoneal vs. cytoreduction alone, 5 6 neoadjuvant for high-risk cases, 8 9 oral plus IV Mesna with ifosfamide, 6 7 future directions of, 3 Level I evidence, 3 10 radiation therapy, 2, 3 4 preoperative vs. postoperative, 3 4 surgery, 1 Sorafenib, in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, 161 162 Splenectomy, vs. splenic preservation in gastric cancer, 90 91 Splenic preservation, vs. splenectomy, in gastric cancer, 90 91 Squamous cell carcinoma, of esophagus, chemoradiation with and without surgery for, 69 70 Staging, esophageal carcinoma, 66 of colon cancer, sentinel lymph node evaluation vs. standard pathologic, 196 197 Stomas, defunctioning, after resection of rectal cancer, 211 212 Sunitinib, for advanced gastrointestinal tumors, 111 112 Surgery, randomized controlled trials, anal cancer, 216 breast cancer, 33 39 colon cancer, 187 190, 192 198 esophageal carcinoma, 60 65, 67 71 gastric cancer, 81 84 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 103 104 hepatocellular carcinoma, 155 157, 159 161 melanoma, 13 15, 17 23 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 118 119, 134 138 rectal cancer, 210 212, 216 218 soft tissue sarcomas, 1 T Tamoxifen, in breast cancer randomized clinical trials, 5 years of vs. more than 5 years of, 52 53 adjuvant anastrozole and, for early-stage, 53 55 for prevention of, 49 51 Tegafur, oral uracil and, plus leucovorin, for colon cancer, 200 201 Transarterial chemoembolization, vs. symptomatic treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, 162 164 Trastuzumab, plus adjuvant chemotherapy for HER2-positive breast cancer, 48 49 Trials, randomized clinical. See Randomized clinical trials. U Uracil, oral tegafur and, plus leucovorin, for colon cancer, 200 201
234 Index V Vaccine, allogeneic melanoma lysate, with interferon alfa-2b for resected stage III cutaneous melanoma, 26 27 allogeneic tumor, for immunotherapy of resected node-negative melanoma, 22 23 Vinblastine, in biochemotherapy regimen for metastatic malignant melanoma, 27 29 W Whipple procedure, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy vs. standard, 136 137