: Online published version of an accepted article before publication in the final form. Journal Name: Journal of Case Reports and Images in Orthopedics and Rheumatology Type of Article: Case Report Title: Metastatic Bladder Cancer with Lesion to the Proximal Femur: A Case Report Authors: CPT Sally Corey, MAJ Andrew Delmas, Morakinyo Toney, Thomas Dykes, Randy Hamill, Craig Cameron doi: To be assigned Early view version published: October 15, 2016 How to cite the article: Corey CS, Delmas MA, Toney M, Dykes T, Hamill R, Cameron C. Metastatic Bladder Cancer with Lesion to the Proximal Femur: A Case Report. Journal of Case Reports and Images in Orthopedics and Rheumatology. Forthcoming 2016. Disclaimer: This manuscript has been accepted for publication. This is a pdf file of the. The is an online published version of an accepted article before publication in the final form. The proof of this manuscript will be sent to the authors for corrections after which this manuscript will undergo content check, copyediting/proofreading and content formatting to conform to journal s requirements. Please note that during the above publication processes errors in content or presentation may be discovered which will be rectified during manuscript processing. These errors may affect the contents of this manuscript and final published version of this manuscript may be extensively different in content and layout than this. Page 1 of 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 TYPE OF ARTICLE: Case Report TITLE: Metastatic Bladder Cancer with Lesion to the Proximal Femur: A Case Report AUTHORS: CPT Sally Corey 1, MAJ Andrew Delmas 2, Morakinyo Toney 3, Thomas Dykes 4, Randy Hamill 5, Craig Cameron 6 AFFILIATIONS: 1 DO, MC, USA, Orthopedic surgery resident, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center; 2 MD, MC, USA, Staff Hematology/Oncology, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center; 3 MD, Deputy Chief Radiology, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center; 4 MD, Chief of Urology at the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center; 5 MD, Staff Pathology, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center; 6 DO, Orthopedic oncology specialist, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center CORRESPONDING AUTHOR DETAILS Sally Corey, DO Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 300 East Hospital Road, Fort Gordon, GA 30905 Email: sally.a.corey.mil@mail.mil Short Running Title: Metastatic Bladder Cancer to the Femur Guarantor of Submission: The corresponding author is the guarantor of submission. Page 2 of 12
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 TITLE: Metastatic Bladder Cancer with Lesion to the Proximal Femur: A Case Report ABSTRACT Introduction Although the most common primary tumors with metastasis to bone are prostate, breast, kidney, lung, and thyroid cancer; metastasis to bone occurs in 30-40% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The femur is the third most common location for bladder cancer metastasis to bone surpassed by the spine and pelvis. Treatment for metastatic lesions of the femur often requires orthopedic intervention with intramedullary stabilization. Identification of the lesion is regularly performed concomitantly with the stabilization procedure through the collection and analysis of intramedullary reaming. Case Report We present a case of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with metastasis to the proximal femur treated with intramedullary stabilization, in which intramedullary reaming were inconclusive for pathology and an open biopsy was required. Conclusion Intramedullary reaming is not always adequate to identify the primary tumor in cases of metastatic lesions. Management of metastatic lesions in bone requires an understanding of the characteristics, behaviors, and treatment of the primary tumor, as well as the management of the bony lesion Keywords: Metastatic, Bladder, Cancer, Femur 60 61 62 63 64 Page 3 of 12
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 TITLE: Metastatic Bladder Cancer with Lesion to the Proximal Femur: A Case Report INTRODUCTION Metastasis to bone occurs in more than half of cancer patients. The most common primary tumors that metastasize to bone include prostate, breast, kidney, lung, and thyroid [1]. Although bladder cancer encompasses only 4.5% of new cancer cases annually [2], 30-40% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer will develop bony metastasis. The most common locations for bladder cancer to metastasis in bone include the pelvis, spine, and femur in descending order [3]. In situations of impending long bone fractures, management of metastatic lesions includes identification of the lesion and stabilization of the bone [1]. Both of these tasks can commonly be accomplished through the collection of reaming during intramedullary nail fixation. Intramedullary reaming is a common surgical technique, which involves introducing a reamer down the canal of long bones prior to the placement of an intramedullary nail in order to increase the biomechanical stability of the construct. In cases of pathologic fractures or prophylactic stabilization, the reamer passes the bony lesion and allows for the collection of a sample of the lesion to send to pathology for further evaluation [10]. The following case report describes a case when intramedullary femur reaming was insufficient to diagnose metastatic bladder cancer necessitating an open biopsy. CASE REPORT A 72-year-old male with a long smoking history presented to the urology clinic secondary to episodes of gross hematuria. He was diagnosed with bladder cancer and underwent a transurethral resection of bladder tumors, which revealed invasive high-grade urothelial (transitional) cell carcinoma (T2N0M0). He was treated with four cycles of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and carboplatin followed by a radical cystectomy with ileoconduit. A PET scan was performed at the patient s six-month follow-up appointment and revealed increased signal in his proximal femur (Figure 1). The patient related to a two month history of thigh pain at the time the scan was performed. Radiographs, CT, and bone scan confirmed a lytic lesion of the proximal Page 4 of 12
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 femur involving greater than two-thirds the diameter of the bone with an associated soft tissue mass and no other areas of metastasis (Figure 2-4). The patient elected to proceed with intramedullary stabilization of the lesion with reaming sent to pathology for further identification of the lesion. The reaming analysis returned inconclusive of the primary tumor and an open biopsy was performed, which revealed transitional cell carcinoma based on histologic comparison to the patient s previous bladder tumor and staining positive for CK7 (Figure 5). The patient was treated with monthly 120 milligrams (mg) of denosumab and 30 Gy of radiation therapy in 10 fractions to anterior and posterior port sites covering the mass and the distal tip of the intramedullary nail. At one-year follow-up, the patient had a metastatic lesion in his right pubic bone and the left lung and received palliative treatment. DISCUSSION An estimated 76,960 new cases of urinary bladder cancer are predicted in 2016 [2]. Metastasis has long been associated with bladder carcinoma. In fact, Prout et al described bladder carcinoma as a systemic disease due to the rate of metastasis [4]. Understanding the patterns and risk factors associated with metastasis aids in timely identification and treatment. The most common locations for bladder cancer metastasis include lymph nodes, (69-90%), liver (26-47%), lung (37-45%), bone (30-47%), and the peritoneum (16-19%). The frequency and timing of metastasis is associated with local tumor extension. Increased frequencies and decreased metastasis-free intervals are related to T4 tumors [5, 6]. Secondary malignancy in addition to bladder cancer has also been observed in up to 20% of patients with prostate, lung, colon, larynx, and stomach the most common secondary tumors [6]. Identifying the primary tumor in a metastatic bone lesion is essential for proper treatment even in the case of known muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Proper diagnosis begins with a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory evaluation may reveal anemia and/or hypercalcemia. Bony lesions should be evaluated with plain radiography of the whole bone and chest, whole-body tchnietium-99m bone scintigraphy, and computed tomography of the chest abdomen Page 5 of 12
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 and pelvis in order to assess for other metastatic lesions and the source of the primary tumor [1]. Treatment of metastatic lesions in long bones often requires not only identification of the lesion, but also stabilization. Mirels created criteria for predicting impending pathologic fractures based on the size of the lesion, pain level, type of lesion, and location. A score of 9 or more indicates an impending fracture and aids in the decision to perform proper fixation [7]. Jenkinson et al showed that patients who are treated with prophylactic stabilization of the femur have better results than patients who sustain a fracture and need stabilization [8]. The goal of prophylactic fixation of impending fractures is to allow patients immediate weight-bearing, which is commonly accomplished with intramedullary nailing in the case of lesions in the femoral shaft [1]. Intramedullary nail fixation offers the benefit of a strong construct in addition to the opportunity to diagnose the lesion from intramedullary reaming. Clarke et al reported that intramedullary reaming are adequate to make a definitive diagnosis of a metastatic lesion [9]; however more recent literature argues that a definitive diagnosis can be made in only 60% of metastatic lesions when intramedullary reaming are used in isolation. Due to the inaccuracy of intramedullary reaming, other methods of tumor biopsy are recommended in addition to pathologic analysis of reamings [10]. CONCLUSION Although metastatic bladder cancer was assumed the most likely cause of the bony lesion in our patient based on the histologic features of his primary tumor, proper identification of the lesion was necessary for his treatment. The proper diagnosis was unachievable on intramedullary reaming alone and required an open biopsy. Management of metastatic lesions in bone requires an understanding of the characteristics, behaviors, and treatment of the primary tumor, as well as the management of the bony lesion; thus necessitating a multi-disciplinary approach. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the Page 6 of 12
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 official policy of the Department of Defense, Department of Army, US Army Medical Department or the US Government. This work was prepared as part of their official duties and, as such there is no copyright to be transferred. AUTHOR S CONTRIBUTIONS CPT Sally Corey, DO Group1 - Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data Group 2 - Drafting the article, Critical revision of the article Group 3 - Final approval of the version to be published MAJ Andrew Delmas, MD Group1 - Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data Group 2 - Drafting the article, Critical revision of the article Group 3 - Final approval of the version to be published Morakinyo Toney, MD Group1 - Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data Group 2 - Drafting the article, Critical revision of the article Group 3 - Final approval of the version to be published Thomas Dykes, MD Group1 - Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data Group 2 - Drafting the article, Critical revision of the article Group 3 - Final approval of the version to be published Randy Hamill, MD Group1 - Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data Group 2 - Drafting the article, Critical revision of the article Page 7 of 12
192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 Group 3 - Final approval of the version to be published Craig Cameron, DO Group1 - Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data Group 2 - Drafting the article, Critical revision of the article Group 3 - Final approval of the version to be published REFERENCES 1. Swanson KC, Pritchard DJ, Sim FH. Surgical treatment of metastatic disease of the femur. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2000 Jan 1; 8(1):56-65. 2. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2016 Jan 1; 66(1):7-30. 3. Taher AN, Kotb MH. Bone metastases in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2006 Sep; 18(3):203-8. 4. Prout GR, Griffin PP, Shipley WU. Bladder carcinoma as a systemic disease. Cancer. 1979 Jun 1; 43(6):2532-9. 5. Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Fennessy FM, Taplin ME, Van den Abbeele AD. Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer: correlation with the characteristics of the primary tumor. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2011 Jan; 196(1):117-22. 6. Wallmeroth A, Wagner U, Moch H, Gasser TC, Sauter G, Mihatsch MJ. Patterns of metastasis in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pt2 4): an autopsy study on 367 patients. Urologia internationalis. 1999 Aug 17; 62(2):69-75. 7. Mirels H. The Classic: Metastatic Disease in Long Bones A Proposed Scoring System for Diagnosing Impending Pathologic Fractures. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 2003 Oct 1; 415:S4-13. 8. Jenkinson RJ, Stephen DJ, Finkelstein J, Schemitsch EH, McKee MD, Kreder HJ. Mortality and complications following stabilization of femoral metastatic lesions: a population-based study of regional variation and outcome. Canadian Journal of Surgery. 2009 Aug 1;52(4):302. Page 8 of 12
224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 9. Clarke AM, Rogers S, Douglas DL. Closed intramedullary biopsy for metastatic disease. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1993 Dec; 38(6):368-9. 10. Hassan K, Kalra S, Moran C. Intramedullary reamings for the histological diagnosis of suspected pathological fractures. The Surgeon. 2007 Aug 31; 5(4):202-4. FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1: PET scan of the proximal femur showing increased signal. (A) Sagittal (B) coronal (C) axial images Figure 2: Radiographs reveal lucent lesion. (A)Anterior-posterior (B) lateral images Figure 3: Select CT images reveal associated soft tissue reaction. (A) Coronal (B) sagittal (C) axial images Figure 4: Bone scan reveals no other area of metastasis. Proximal femur uptake on the anterior-posterior (A) and lateral (B) images. (C) Increased uptake in abdominal region at area of ileoconduit. Figure 5: (A) Histology of mass at 400x view shows nested malignant cells consistent with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) invading bone (B) TCC staining positive for CK7 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Page 9 of 12
256 FIGURES 257 258 259 260 261 Figure 1: PET scan of the proximal femur showing increased signal. (A) Sagittal (B) coronal (C) axial images 262 263 264 265 Figure 2: Radiographs reveal lucent lesion. (A)Anterior-posterior (B) lateral images 266 Page 10 of 12
267 268 269 270 Figure 3: Select CT images reveal associated soft tissue reaction. (A) Coronal (B) sagittal (C) axial images 271 272 273 274 275 276 Figure 4: Bone scan reveals no other area of metastasis. Proximal femur uptake on the anterior-posterior (A) and lateral (B) images. (C) Increased uptake in abdominal region at area of ileoconduit. 277 Page 11 of 12
278 279 280 281 282 Figure 5: (A) Histology of mass at 400x view shows nested malignant cells consistent with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) invading bone (B) TCC staining positive for CK7 Page 12 of 12