Chapter 2: Human Body Systems Work Independently and Together 2.1 Body Systems Body systems Are made up of parts that work together as a whole Are connected to one or more other Will not function well (or at all) if one part of the system is or. Eleven Body (Organ) Systems
Tissues: working together Organs: several types of, working together to perform a task. Organ system: working together to perform vital body functions. 2.2 Digestive and Excretory Systems Nutrient material taken in by the body that has a function. Come from what we and (our diet ) 5 groups: Carbohydrates,, Fats, Minerals, Although not nutrients, and are also essential to good nutrition.
Carbohydrates Main source of for body (50-60%). Two Types of Carbohydrates a) sugars glucose, fructose, lactose - energy b) sugars (starches) - chains of glucose molecules. - term energy Fats energy for future use insulate internal organs build cell a) Unsaturated Fats: usually at room temperature comes from good for you
b) Saturated Fats: at room temperature usually from may promote the buildup of in blood vessels, blocking blood flow Proteins and of body tissue. form, skin, and nails. help nerves, organs and brain repair cuts: or thickens blood. form for reactions. Proteins are made up of 20 different. Eight amino acids are must be consumed in diet. The rest can be by your body from other foods. Proteins: contain all 8 essential amino acids i.e., animal proteins Proteins: missing some of the essential amino acids (i.e, nuts, cereals, peas, and beans); combinations of these foods can provide complete protein nutrition
Vitamins and Minerals Small amounts of vitamins and minerals are required by the body to perform various body functions. Water Not a, but is essential to life (would die in days without water) Carries to body cells and products away from cells Needed for reactions (solvent) Regulates body joints Main components of cells ( of the body) Fibre A mixture of and complex carbohydrates found in whole-grain flours, cereals, fruits and vegetables. Increases of elimination of waste (prevents constipation) Reduces levels. Prevents of intestines. Nutrition - the study of in foods and the effects of nutrients on health.
Four Food Groups: Vegetables and Products Products and Alternatives Food Pyramid - food groups - of band shows how much you should eat from each food group.
Provide examples of food with each of the following nutrients: Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats Protein Vitamins and Minerals Water Fibre Digestive System Changes into smaller usable components Digestive - 10 m long tube from mouth to anus 2 Types of Digestion Digestion physical break up of food into smaller usable components. Digestion Break down of food into smaller usable components by chemical means (enzymes) Four Stages of Digestion: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination
Ingestion and Digestion in the Mouth Teeth cut and food. Tongue mixes food (taste), helps. Salivary Glands produce saliva to food. produces Salivary Amylase, an that chemically breaks down carbohydrates. Epiglottis located in the (where your airway passage and esophagus meet) flap covers when you swallow mouthful of food that is swallowed Esophagus tube connecting the mouth to the peristalsis ( contractions) force bolus down the tube.
Digestion in the Stomach like a muscular holding for food mechanical digestion - muscular walls and churns food. chemical digestion - wall of the stomach secretes juices. Gastric juice contains: 1. pepsin - an enzyme to breakdown. 2. hydrochloric acid - allows pepsin to work. 3. mucus - the lining of the stomach. Bolus of food breaks down into a liquid called chyme Digestion in the Small Intestines 6 metres long and 2.5 cm in diameter moves food through the intestine thick mucus coating Two functions: chemical of nutrients and of nutrients. Walls of the Intestine secrete: 1) Sucrase - enzyme to breakdown into glucose 2) Protease - enzyme to breakdown into amino acids 3) Lypase - enzyme to breakdown into fatty acids
Pancreas Sends fluids to small intestine to stomach acids. Sends enzymes, protease and amylase, to small intestine. Liver Storage of useful substances for blood. Breaks down dangerous substances. Secretes, green fluid that emulsifies fat, into small intestine. Bile is stored in the gall bladder. Absorption of Nutrients In Small Intestines substances are taken to the cells. Small Intestine small folds inside the small intestine called increase surface area. cells of the small intestine are able to absorb amino acids and. enter the blood stream through the villi and are carried to all the cells of the body.
Large Intestine 1.2m long (no ) stores and concentrates the remains of your food. large amounts of absorbed producing feces. extracts minerals from the left over food and manufacture vitamins that your body absorbs., made up of dead bacteria, fibre and water, is stored in the until elimination through the. Nutritional Disorders: is having an excess amount of fat nervosa is a disorder where a person severely restricts what he or she eats nervosa is a disorder where large amounts of food are eaten and then purged either through vomiting or the use of laxatives, so that the food is not digested.
Excretory System Excretion: removal of and wastes from the body Liquid wastes are removed through the tract Urinary tract contains: two organs that filter blood and remove any wastes, forming urine. two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder - storage for urine tube where urine passes from the bladder out of the body
Section 2.3 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Circulatory System - The transportation network for and dioxide to and from the cells. Made up of three components: Blood, Vessels and the Heart Blood about 5 L in the human body 55% 45% clear, yellowish fluid -made up of: a) water b) proteins and minerals c) dissolved salts Blood Cells 1. Blood Cells - contain iron (gives blood its red colour) - hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs. - disc-shaped for increased surface area - manufactured in bone marrow, the liver, and spleen.
2. Blood Cells - guard fight infections and foreign substances. - work with the immune system 3. - important for blood clotting - stop bleeding and seal wounds by thickening blood so a scab forms. The Heart: The Pump - chambers. Two atria - receiving chambers. Two ventricles- lower pumping chambers.
Right Atrium - receives blood from the body and empties into the right ventricle. Right Ventricle - receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the. Left Atrium - receives blood from the lungs and empties into the left ventricle Left Ventricle - receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the. Valves - control the of blood movement in the heart, preventing backflow. Vessels: The Transportation Network Major Blood Vessels - transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to body tissues. Superior - transports deoxygenated blood from the upper parts of the body to the right atrium. Inferior - transports deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the body to the right atrium.
Pulmonary - transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Pulmonary - transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Smaller Blood Vessels Arteries -carry blood from the heart to the body s cells - -walled and elastic - most carry blood (exception: pulmonary artery). Veins -carry blood the heart -most carry blood (exception: pulmonary vein). Capillaries -network of blood vessels that travel to each of the cells. -walls are to allow exchange of gases and nutrients.
Respiratory System organs and tissue that exchange into and out of your body. Respiration process of Cellular Respiration process by which your cells use to release energy from food. Enzymes glucose + oxygen ---> energy + CO 2 + H 2 O Energy - used by cells to do work CO 2 - removed by circulatory and respiratory systems H 2 O - removed by excretion Breathing Rate the of times you breathe in a minute determined by the levels of dioxide in the blood stream. increased CO 2 results in a breathing rate, removing CO 2 from the body quickly.
Path of Air Nose and Mouth (tiny hairs) in nasal cavity filter dust from air. air is cleaned, warmed and moistened in the cavity. Pharynx opening to the (throat) Larynx ; contains vocal cords which as air passes them.
Epiglottis controls what enters the Trachea tube entering the bands keep tube open tube is lined with and to filter air. Bronchi 2 tubes, each leading to a. lined with to filter dust. Bronchioles smaller air tubes branching from bronchi to Alveoli tiny air surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place. Diaphragm thin, strong, dome-shaped that forms the bottom of the chest cavity
Breathing Inhaling ribs move up and outwards. diaphragm pulls down and flattens (contracts) air moves in (21% oxygen, 0.04% CO2) Exhaling ribs move down and inwards. diaphragm relaxes air moves out
Gas Exchange exchange of oyxgen and carbon dioxide gases occur in the: a) b) diffusion - net movement of molecules from an area of concentration to an area of concentration, until a state of equilibrium is reached. Diffusion in the Alveoli oxygen enters the alveoli at a concentration (21%) oxygen will diffuse from alveoli to the where there is a low concentration of oxygen. there is a high concentration of in the blood there is a low concentration of CO 2 (0.04%) in the CO 2 will diffuse from the blood to the and is expelled by the lungs.
Diffusion in the Cells there is a concentration of CO 2 in the cells due to cellular respiration. CO 2 will diffuse from the to the blood. O 2 will diffuse from the to the cells. Caring for the Respiratory System Caring for your respiratory system has two parts: fitness and protection. Like any body part that contains muscle, your respiratory system benefits from. Regular exercise helps make breathing more. Protecting your respiratory system requires preventing dangerous substances from entering your by avoiding poorly ventilated areas and by wearing breathing masks when necessary.
Smoking - smoking can be quite harmful to your system. - smoking can result in: o lung (cigarettes contain up to 50 carcinogens) o (hardening of alveoli making breathing difficulties) o disease o damage to cilia so that dirt trapped in mucus becomes difficult to remove ( cough)