Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetate, in pediatric surgical patients, 525 526 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), immune-modulating nutrition in, 584 585 Aerobic glycolysis, 644 Amino acid, metabolism of, in critically ill and injured patients, 581 582 Anorexia, pathogenic mechanisms of, 656 660 Antibiotic locks, in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 552 553 Antioxidant vitamins, for critically ill and injured patients, 584 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Arginine, for critically ill and injured patients, 583 B BCAAs, for critically ill and injured patients, 584 Biliary atresia, in pediatric surgical patients, nutritional support for, 531 532 Bloodstream infections, catheter-related, in neonates and children, prevention/treatment of, 552 Burn injury(ies) hyperglycemia after, 618 620 severe feeding of patients with, 609 630 nutritional requirements, 614 615 nutritional support, 612 613 overfeeding, 615 617 timing of, 613 614 hormonal response to, 617 metabolic changes after, 609 612 pharmacologic treatment of, 617 618 C Cachexia clinical nutrition and, advances in, 653 654 malnutrition and, 653 654 of cancer, 654 656 clinical nutrition and, advances in, 653 654 metabolic pathophysiology of, 656 nutritional problems associated with, 657 658 nutritional support with, 660 662 Calcium, in pediatric surgical patients, 526 Cancer cachexia of, 654 656. See also Cachexia, of cancer. Surg Clin N Am 91 (2011) 719 726 doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(11)00056-9 surgical.theclinics.com 0039-6109/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
720 Index Cancer (continued) elderly patient with, nutritional support of, 678 680 myostatin in, 648 649 nutritional support for patients with, 641 651 challenges and controversies related to, 681 683 proteolysis in, 647 648 Carbohydrates, in pediatric surgical patients, 514 Carnitine, in pediatric surgical patients, 526 527 Catheter(s) antibiotic-coated, in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 552 bloodstream infections related to, in neonates and children, prevention/treatment of, 552 Children growth in, normal, 511 IFALD in, 543 563. See also Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), in neonates and children. surgery in. See Pediatric surgical patients. Chloride, in pediatric surgical patients, 525 526 Critical care, nutrition in, 595 607 historical background of, 595 604 Critically ill patients nutritional support in, 579 593. See also Nutritional support, in critically ill and injured patients. glycemia controversy in, 683 688 stress response in, 580 581 Critically injured patients nutritional support in, 579 593. See also Nutritional support, in critically ill and injured patients. stress response in, 580 581 Cytokine(s) in jury response, 471 in sepsis, 643 D Drug(s), liver disease due to, ursodeoxycholic acid for, 550 551 E ECFs. See Enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs). Elderly cancer in, nutritional support for, 678 680 nutritional support in, 689 Electrolyte(s), in pediatric surgical patients, 525 527 Energy expenditure, in surgical patients management, 474 476 Energy requirements, in pediatric surgical patients, 512 513 Enteral nutrition in pediatric surgical patients, 515 524. See also Pediatric surgical patients, enteral nutrition in. in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 549 550 in short bowel syndrome management, 496 499
Index 721 Enteroatmospheric fistula (EAFs) challenges related to, 485 deep, management of, 485 486 management of, abdominal wall reconstruction in, 486 487 superficial, management of, 486 Enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs) classification of, 482 483 history of, 481 482 management of, 481 491 anatomic definition and decision in, 484 definitive operation in, 485 recognition and stabilization in, 483 484 Ethanol locks, in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 552 553 F Failure to thrive, in pediatric surgical patients, nutritional support for, 533 Fat, in pediatric surgical patients, 514 515 Fat/glucose switch, 649 650 Fatty acids, omega-3, for critically ill and injured patients, 584 Fistula(s) enteroatmospheric. See Enteroatmospheric fistula (EAFs). enterocutaneous. See Enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs). Fluids and electrolytes, in pediatric surgical patients, 525 527 G Gastrointestinal tract surgery, immunonutrition in, 586 588 Glucagon-like peptide 1, for hyperglycemia after burn injury, 620 Glutamine, for critically ill and injured patients, 582 583 Glycemia, in critically ill patients, nutritional support related, 683 688 Glycolysis, aerobic, 644 H Head and neck cancer described, 632 634 malnutrition associated with, 635 636 morbidity and mortality associated with, 635 636 nutritional deficiency associated with, assessment of, 634 635 nutritional management of patients with, 631 639 modalities of, 636 637 Hormone(s) in sepsis, 643 nutritional support and, 642 stress, in injury response, 470 471 Hormone-cytokine connection, in injury response, 471 472 Hyperglycemia, after burn injury, 618 620 Hyperlactatemia, defined, 645 647 I IFALD. See Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD). Immune-modulating nutrition, in ARDS and sepsis, 584 585
722 Index Immunologic assays, in surgical patients management, 472 473 Immunomodulation, 582 Immunonutrition, 582 Injury metabolic response to, 467 470 history of, 467 468 stress catabolism in, 468 470 neuroendocrine response to, 470 472 Insulin, for hyperglycemia after burn injury, 618 619 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), for severe burn injuries, 617 618 Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), in neonates and children, 543 563 causes of, 544 clinical features of, 545 diagnosis of, 545 546 differential diagnosis of, 546 prevalence of, 544 prevention/treatment of, 546 555 enteral nutrition in, 549 550 operative interventions in, 553 555 parenteral nutrition in, 546 549 pharmacologic strategies in, 550 551 sepsis management in, 551 553 transplantation in, 554 555 prognosis of, 544 risk factors for, 544 545 Intestinal transplantation in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 554 555 in short bowel syndrome management, 506 507 Iron dextran, in pediatric surgical patients, 526 L Liver biopsy, in IFALD in neonates and children, 545 546 Liver disease drug-induced, ursodeoxycholic acid for, 550 551 intestinal failure associated, in neonates and children, 543 563. See also Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), in neonates and children. Liver failure adjuvant nutritional management of patients with, 569 573 described, 565 nutritional assessment in, 568 Liver transplantation in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 554 555 nutrition in, 573 575 M Malignancy, of head and neck, nutritional management of patients with, 631 639 Malnutrition
Index 723 cachexia and, 653 654 causes of, 566 567 modern theories on, genesis of, 662 664 Mediator(s), in sepsis, 643 Metformin, for hyperglycemia after burn injury, 619 Milk, in pediatric surgical patients, 519, 523 Minerals, in pediatric surgical patients, 515 Myostatin, in sepsis and cancer, 648 649 N Neonate(s), IFALD in, 543 563. See also Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), in neonates and children. Neuroendocrine system, injury response of, 470 472 cytokines in, 471 hormone-cytokine connection in, 471 472 stress hormones in, 470 471 Nitrogen, metabolism of, in critically ill and injured patients, 581 Nucleotide(s), for critically ill and injured patients, 583 584 Nutrition immune-modulating, in ARDS and sepsis, 584 585 parenteral. See Parenteral nutrition. Nutritional support adjuvant, of patients with liver failure, 565 578 evidence-based, in critically ill and injured patients, 585 586 for head and neck cancer, 631 639 hormonal environment and, 642 in ARDS and sepsis, immune-modulating nutrition, 584 585 in cancer patients, 641 651 challenges and controversies related to, 681 683 in critically ill and injured patients, 579 593, 595 607 amino acid metabolism, 581 582 BCAAs, 584 evidence-based nutritional support, 585 586 gastrointestinal tract surgery, immunonutrition in, 586 588 glycemia controversy in, 683 688 historical background of, 595 604 key nutrients, 582 584 omega-3 fatty acids, 584 protein and nitrogen metabolism, 581 in liver transplantation, 573 575 in pediatric surgical patients, 511 541 in sepsis, 641 651 in short bowel syndrome management, 495 496 in the elderly, 689 with cancer, 678 680 metabolic pathways in, 642 of surgical patients, 675 693 Nutritional support teams, primacy of, 680 681
724 Index O Obesity, in pediatric surgical patients, nutritional support for, 533 Omega-3 fatty acids, for critically ill and injured patients, 584 Oxandrolone, for severe burn injuries, 618 P Parenteral nutrition in pediatric surgical patients, 524 529. See also Pediatric surgical patients, parenteral nutrition in. in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 546 549 of surgical patients, 675 693 Pediatric surgical patients biliary atresia in, nutritional support for, 531 532 critically ill, nutritional support for, 531 enteral nutrition in, 515 524 administration of, 519 complications of, 523 524 delivery modalities, 518 formulas, 518 519 human milk, 519, 523 indications for, 518 failure to thrive in, nutritional support for, 533 nutritional assessment of, 512 nutritional requirements in, 512 515 carbohydrates, 514 energy requirements, 512 513 fat, 514 515 minerals, 515 protein, 513 514 trace elements, 515 vitamins, 515 water, 513 nutritional support in, 511 541 problems related to, 529 534 obesity in, nutritional support for, 533 parenteral nutrition in, 524 529 administration of, 529 complications of, 527 528 components of, 524 525 fluids and electrolytes in, 525 527 indications for, 524 requirements of, 524 525 postoperative nutrition in, indications for, 529 531 preoperative nutrition in, indications for, 529 short bowel syndrome in, nutritional support for, 532 533 special care needs children, nutritional support for, 533 534 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), for hyperglycemia after burn injury, 620 Phosphate, in pediatric surgical patients, 526
Index 725 Potassium, in pediatric surgical patients, 525 Propranolol, for severe burn injuries, 618 Protein(s) in pediatric surgical patients, 513 514 in surgical patients management, 476 metabolism of, in critically ill and injured patients, 581 Proteolysis, in sepsis and cancer, 647 648 R Recombinant human growth hormone (rhgh), for severe burn injuries, 617 Refeeding syndrome, 664 668 S Sepsis cytokines in, 643 hormones in, 643 immune-modulating nutrition in, 584 585 management of, in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 551 553 mediators in, 643 myostatin in, 648 649 nutritional support for patients with, 641 651 proteolysis in, 647 648 Short bowel syndrome described, 493 495, 543 544 in neonates and children, management of, 544 in pediatric surgical patients, nutritional support for, 532 533 management of, 493 510 complication prevention in, 499 501 intestinal transplantation in, 506 507 maintain nutritional status in, 495 496 maximize enteral nutrient absorption in, 496 499 medical rehabilitation in, 495 501 preserve intestinal remnant length in, 501 502 surgical rehabilitation in, 501 506 Sodium, in pediatric surgical patients, 525 Special care needs, children with, nutritional support for, 533 534 Starvation, modern theories on, genesis of, 662 664 Stress catabolism, in injury response, 468 470 Stress hormones, in injury response, 470 471 Stress response, 580 581 Surgical patients, metabolic considerations in management of, 467 480 energy expenditure, 474 476 immunologic assays, 472 473 protein requirements, 476 transcription factors, 473 474 T Total enteral nutrition, in surgical patients, vs. total parenteral nutrition, 688 689 Total parenteral nutrition
726 Index Total parenteral (continued) development of, historical highlights of, 695 719 evolution of, 642 in surgical patients, vs. total enteral nutrition, 688 689 legacies of, 689 691 Trace elements, in pediatric surgical patients, 515 Trace minerals, for critically ill and injured patients, 584 Transcription factors, in surgical patients management, 473 474 Transplantation intestinal in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 554 555 in short bowel syndrome management, 506 507 liver in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 554 555 nutrition in, 573 575 U Ursodeoxycholic acid, in prevention/treatment of IFALD in neonates and children, 550 551 V Vitamin(s) antioxidant, for critically ill and injured patients, 584 in pediatric surgical patients, 515 W Water, in pediatric surgical patients, 513