ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT AMONG AMRAVATI CITY ADOLESCENT SCHOOL BOYS Author : Dr. Shrikant S. Mahulkar, Late Dattatraya pusadkar Arts college, Nandgaon peth Dist. Amravati (Maharashtra) India. Email: shrikantmahulkar@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to find out the status of body fat among Amravati city adolescent school boys. A total of 80 school going boys from different schools of Amravati district, Maharashtra were selected randomly as subject for the present study. The age of the subjects was from 13 to 16 years. Body fat percent was selected as criterion variables. Skin fold thicknesses were measured with Skinfold Caliper. A fold involving two layers of skin and subcutaneous structures can be held between the thumb and index finger while the skinfold caliper is being applied. The quantity of stored fat will determine the thickness of the fold. The subjects directly apply to the body skin fold caliper measure the muscles of body. The statistical method, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Further the level of significance was set at 0.05 level. There was no significant difference in body fat percentage of age group 13, age group 14, age group 15 and age group 16. Key Words: Body Fat, Adolescent, School Boys Introduction: In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight, determines leanness. Two people of equal height and body weight may look completely different from each other because they have a different body composition. The human body is composed from many major components at the cellular and tissue levels. These include water, minerals, protein and fat. Increases in the levels of fat components are detrimental to health and also sports performance. On the other hand, increases the protein component result from more muscle mass and hence are beneficial to athletes. The mineral component is mainly associated with bone. The density of bone can be problematic in the elderly where osteoporosis arises. The assessment of body composition is not only common in sport and exercise sciences but also in 8
medicine. Most of the interest is in quantifying body fat in relation to health and to sports performance.consequently, a number of techniques for assessing body composition have been developed over the years.the human body is made up of about 50 elements at the atomic level, of which 98% is due to combination of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, calciumand phosphorus. At the molecular level, the body is essentially made up of the chemical compounds water, carbohydrates, protein, fat and minerals and these are organized into cells which are the basis of tissues and organs. The human tissues comprise of adipose tissue, muscle, bone, nerves, and epithelial tissue. The relative amounts of adipose tissue, muscle and bone are of importance for heath and sports performance, and as a result of methods of body composition analysis have been categorized into fat mass and fat-free mass(ffm)(also referred as lean body tissue). Fat mass include adipose tissue, whereas fat-free mass includes water, protein and minerals. Large amount of fat mass are associated with health problems. In essence a large fat mass results in obesity and the various health problems associated with being obese e.g.(cardio vascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, etc).a large fat mass is also inappropriate for a sports performer, where there is requirement for low body fat and increased muscle mass. There is an inverse relationship between fat mass and performance of activities that involve jumping or running, although not for distance swimming. A high percentage body fat results in impaired aerobic capacity and also high intense bouts of exercises where the need is for a high force-producing mass. Muscles are a force-producing mass but adipose tissue is not. There is substantial evidence for fatfree mass being positively related to performance of activities that require application of force such as in weightlifting and throwing, although no muscle bulk may impede jumping and running. Various sports demand variations in the amount of fat-free mass and fat mass. In the case of the latter, the normal means to report % body fat. The normal range for % body fat is 10-20% for young males and 20-30% for young females. Levels above the upper range constitute obesity, whilst for sports performers the % body s scores are expected to be in the lower half of the range, I.e.10-15 and 15-20% for males and females, respectively. Hence it 9
is important to be able to measure fat-free mass and fat mass. Assessing body composition the search for valid methods of measuring body composition that are practical and inexpensive is an ongoing process for exercise scientists and nutritionists. Standard age-height-weight tables derived from life insurance data often incorrectly indicate individuals to be overweight. Some practical methods of measuring body composition include skin folds, circumference (girth) measures, hydrostatic weighing, and bioelectrical impedance and near infrared interactance. Other advanced methods discussed in research journals include isotope dilution, neutron activation analysis, magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Most practical methods have a 3% percent to 4% percent error factor in their prediction of body fat (Brodie1988).That is, if you were measured at 20%body fat you could be as low as 17%or as high as 23%.this error factor may be increased dramatically due to the skill (or lack of it) of the technician taking the measurements. The following sections will focus on the three body fat measurement techniques that are often accessible to fitness professionals: hydrostatic weighing, bioelectrical impedance and skin folds. (Maclaren, et.al., 2007). Methodology Subjects: A total of 80 school going boys from different schools of Amravati district, Maharashtra were selected randomly as subject for the present study. The age of the subjects was from 13 to 16 years. Variables and Equipments: Percent body fat was selected as criterion variables. Skin fold thicknesses were measured with Skinfold Caliper. Procedure: A fold involving two layers of skin and subcutaneous structures can be held between the thumb and index finger while the skinfold caliper is being applied. The quantity of stored fat will determine the thickness of the fold. The subjects directly apply to the body skin fold caliper measure the muscles of body. Formula: Abdomen Skin fold: At the midaxillary line at waist level. Chest Skin fold: At the level of the xiphoid in the midaxillary line. 10
Arm Skin fold: At the midposterior, midpoiunt between the tip of the acromion and the tip of the olecranon with the arm hanging at the side. Body Density = 1.1017- (0.000282) X (A) (0.000736) X (B) (0.000883) X (C) Where (A) = Abdominal Skinfold (B) = Chest Skinfold (C) = Arm Skinfold Percent Body Fat = Results and Discussion: To find out the body fat among Amravati city adolescent school boys, the descriptive statistics (i.e. Mean and Standard deviation). Mean scores and standard deviation of all skinfold are presented in Table - I. Table I: Mean and standard deviation of all skinfold Age Group Age-13 Age-14 Age-15 Age-16 Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Abdominal Skinfold 12.037 3.968 12.190 4.582 12.315 5.814 13.025 4.891 Chest Skinfold 9.950 4.522 9.970 3.433 10.040 4.791 11.760 4.452 Arm Skinfold 6.935 2.906 7.080 3.025 7.605 3.412 8.795 3.264 Body Density 1.085 0.004 1.085 0.005 1.084 0.008 1.082 0.007 Body Fat 7.060 1.730 7.135 2.135 7.361 3.115 8.336 2.678 The collected data were analyzed by using Analysis of One ANOVA. In all cases 0.05 level of significance was fixed to test the hypothesis set for this study. Analysis of variance in body fat among Amravati city adolescent school boys is mentioned in Table - II. Table-II Analysis Of Variance In Body Fat Among Amravati City Adolescent School Boys Source of Variation SS df MS F Between Groups 20.845 3 6.948 Within Groups 464.094 76 6.106 1.138 * Significant at.05 level of significance F.05 (3, 76) = 2.725 The analysis of data in table-ii difference in body fat percentage of age revealed that there was no significant group 13, age group 14, age group 15 and 11
age group 16 as the obtained F-ratio was 1.138 which was lesser than that of required tabulated F value of 2.725 at.05 level significance with (3,76) degree of freedom. The present study of results shows that dramatically increase the percent body fat. Similar study also same revealed that the age increase body fat also increased because intake diet and participating physical activity (Ramajayam. 2013) Graph-1: The Mean Values of Body Fat of Adolescent School Boys Conclusion: On the basis of the result drawn with the mentioned methodology the following conclusion were soughed out. 1. There was no significant difference in body fat percentage of age group 13, age group 14, age group 15 and age group 16. 2. The present study of mean and standard deviation results and graphical stretcher shows that dramatically increase the percent body fat. References: 1. Ramajayam M.(2013). Analysis of Body Composition Among Karnataka State Adolescent School Boys. International Journal of Health, Sports and Physical Education, 2, (1), July 2013, 21-24 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fat. 3. Maclaren, D. et.al. (2007). Sports And Exercise Physiology. New York: Bios Scientific Publishers, 178-179. 4. Nikolova, M., Akabaliev V., Sivkov S., Mladenova S.(2005). Body Composition Of Children And Adolescents From Plovdiv. P. 150 158. 5. Bhavani, A. and Gopinath, V. (2010). Comparison Of The Body Composition Among School Boys At The Age Of 13 To 15 Years Of Tamilnadu. JOPES, 2, 7-11. 6. Gutin and Michael R. J.S. (2002). Effect Of Exercise Intensity On Cardio Vascular Fitness, Total Body Composition And Visceral Adiposity Of Obese Adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr, 75, 818-826. 12