Supplemental Figure 1. Egr1 expression in adult Achilles tendons. (A,B) Achilles tendons were isolated from 2 month-old Egr1 +/- mice and stained for

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Supplemental Figure 1. Egr1 expression in adult Achilles tendons. (A,B) Achilles tendons were isolated from 2 month-old Egr1 +/- mice and stained for LacZ activity, which reflects Egr1 expression. (A) Low magnification of one Achilles tendon, showing enhanced Egr1 expression at tendon extremities close to bone and muscle attachments (arrows). (B) Highlight of the insertion of the Achilles tendon in the Gastrocnemius muscle. Arrows point to the LacZ expression in tendons close to muscle. (C,D) Adjacent transverse sections of Achilles tendons were hybridized with Egr1 or Col1a1 probes (blue labelling), followed by nuclear fast red staining. Arrows indicated Egr1 and Col1a2 expression in the myotendinous junction. (E) Egr1 expression in one of the three Achilles tendon fascicles in transverse sections. Arrowheads indicate examples of Egr1-positive cells (blue labelling) at the periphery or centre of the tendon (F-H) Adjacent transverse sections of Achilles tendons were hybridized with Egr1 (F) or Col1a1 (G) probes followed by nuclear fast red staining, or H&E stained (H). m, muscle.

Supplemental Figure 2. Effects of Egr1-deficiency on collagen fibril diameter repartition of Achilles tendons. (A-D) Electron microscopy photographs at different scales of Achilles tendons from 4 month wt (A,C) and Egr1 -/- (B,D) mice. (E) Histograms showing the frequency of collagen fibril diameters from 4 month wt versus Egr1 -/- mice. For wt tendons: Mean of diameters = 106 nm, SD = 58,1. For Egr1 -/- tendons: Mean of diameters = 131,8 nm, SD = 44,3. Electron microscopy analyses of Achilles tendons of adult Egr1 -/- mutant mice showed a shift of the collagen fibril diameters towards highest values.

Supplemental Figure 3. Egr1 abolishes the capacity of C3H10T1/2 cells to differentiate into bone and fat lineages. (A) Q-PCR analysis of the mrna expression levels of chondrocyte (Sox6, Sox9), osteocyte (Runx2, bglap) and adipocyte (cebpb, Pparg) markers in C3H10T1/2 cells cultured in chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation media, respectively. There is a drastic increase of mrna expression levels of differentiation markers upon

differentiation for each lineage, showing that C3H10T1/2 cells differentiate towards the 3 lineages. The mrna levels of C3H10T1/2 cells were normalized to 1. (B) Alizarin S red staining of C3H10T1/2 and C3H10T1/2-Egr1 cells, 16 days after bone differentiation medium, application shows an absence of osteocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2-Egr1 cells compared to C3H10T1/2 cells. (C) Q-PCR analysis showed a very significant diminution of the relative transcript levels of the osteocyte markers, Runx2, Dlx5 and bglap in the presence of Egr1. The mrna levels of C3H10T1/2 cells under bone differentiation medium were normalized to 1 (D,E) C3H10T1/2 (D) and C3H10T1/2-Egr1 (E) cells, 7 days after fat differentiation medium application. (F) Numbers of cells per unit area displaying lipid accumulation in C3H10T1/2, C3H10T1/2-EV and C3H10T1/2-Egr1 cells. (G) Q-PCR analysis showed a significant diminution of the relative transcript levels of the fat markers, cebpa, cebpb, cebpd and Pparg in the presence of Egr1. The mrna levels of C3H10T1/2 cells under fat differentiation medium were normalized to 1. The error bars represent standard deviation (SD). The asterisks in the histograms indicate p values, *<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001 in unpaired student s t-test.

Supplemental Figure 4. MSCs do not persist long after transplantation into host tendons. Achilles tendons from adult rats were separated from the Plantaris and Soleus tendons. A total transverse section of Achilles tendon was created and immediately both ends sutured back together with surgical sutures. Primary GFP-MSCs were then implanted in the injured/sutured tendons. Sections of Achilles tendons, 1 (A-B), 2 (C-D) and 3 (D-F) weeks after manipulation. The GFP fluorescence (green) allowed us to follow transplanted cells over time. One week after surgery, GFP cells were observed in the manipulated tendons (A,B). From 1 week after transplantation, we observed a drastic reduction in the number of transplanted MSCs (C-E). (F) However, some transplanted MSCs persisted up to 3 weeks (White arrows) around the suture scar (asterisk).

Supplemental Figure 5. TGF-β2 does not induce Egr1 expression in MSCs or in chick limb buds. (A) C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured in the presence of absence of TGF-β2 recombinant protein, during 1, 4, 24 or 48 hours. The relative expression levels of Egr1 or Scx transcripts were assayed by q-pcr. In the presence of TGF-β2, the expression of Scx was increased after 1 hour in culture, while that of Egr1 was unchanged. The asterisks in the histograms indicate p values, * <0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001. (B) Beads were soaked with human TGF-β2 recombinant protein (RD systems) at 500ng/ml for 1 hour, on ice. TGF-β2 beads were grafted into the right wings of normal embryos at E3 (Embryonic day 3). Four hours after grafting, embryos were harvested and processed for in situ hybridization to adjacent tissue sections with Scx or Egr1 probes. TGF-β2 activates the expression of Scx (arrow) but not that of Egr1 in grafted right wings.

gene Forward primers Reverse primers Accession No. bglap 5 -GCCTTCATGTCCAAGCAGGA-3 5 -GCGCCGGAGTCTGTTCACTA-3 NM_007541.2 Bgn 5 -TTTCTGAGCTTCGCAAGGATG-3 5 -GGGCGTAGAGGTGCTGGAG-3 NM_007542.4 cebpa 5 -CAAGAACAGCAACGAGTACCG-3 5 -GTCACTGGTCAACTCCAGCAC-3 NM_007678 cebpb 5 -CGCCTTTAGACCCATGGAAG-3 5 -AGGCAGTCGGGCTCGTAGTAG-3 NM_009883 cebpd 5 -CGACTTCAGCGCCTACATTGA-3 5 -CTAGCGACAGACCCCACAC-3 NM_007679 cebpg 5 -CAGCACGGAAACTACAGCGA-3 5 -ACTGCCCTGGGTTATCAGAAT-3 NM_009884 Col1a1 5 -TGGAGAGAGCATGACCGATG-3 5 -GAGCCCTCGCTTCCGTACT-3 NM_007742 Col1a1(r.n) 5 - CACCTACAGCACGCTTGTGG -3 5 - CCCCAAGTTCCGGTGTGAC-3 NM_053304.1 Col1a2 5 -CCAGCGAAGAACTCATACAGC-3 5 -GGACACCCCTTCTACGTTGT-3 NM_007743 Col1a2 (r.n) 5 - ACCCCAGCCAAGAATGCATAC -3 5 - CCAGACATGCTTGTTGGCCT -3 NM_053356.1 Col2a1 5 -TTCCACTTCAGCTATGGCGA-3 5 -GACGTTAGCGGTGTTGGGAG-3 NM_001113515.2 Col3a1 5 -CTAAAATTCTGCCACCCCGAA-3 5 -AGGATCAACCCAGTATTCTCCACTC-3 NM_009930 Col5a1 5 -CCTGGCATCAACTTGTCCGATGG-3 5 -GTGGTCACTGCGGCTGAGGAACTTC-3 NM_015734 Col6a1 5 -CTACACCGACTGCGCCATTA-3 5 - CCCCCTATGAGCAGCTCCT-3 NM_009933 Col12a1 5 -CCGTGTTGTGTATCGCCCT-3 5 -CACCTTAGCAACCATCTGCCTC-3 NM_007730 Col14a1 5 -GAGCAGAGACCACATTGGCC-3 5 -CGTACAGCTCGAGGTCGGAA-3 NM_181277 Dcn 5 -CTATGTGCCCCTACCGATGC-3 5 -CAGAACACTGCACCACTCGAAG-3 NM_001190451.1 Dlx5 5 -CGTCTCAGGAATCGCCAACT-3 5 -AGTCAGAATCGGTGGCCG-3 NM_198854 Egr1 5 -CAGCGCCTTCAATCCTCAAG-3 5 -GCGATGTCAGAAAAGGACTCTGT-3 NM_007913 Eln 5 -CAAGTCGGAGCTGGCATCGG-3 5 -GTGGGAACTCCAGGGAGCAC-3 NM_007925.3 Fbn1 5 -GGACACGATGCGCTGAAAGG-3 5 - CAGGAATGCCGGCAAATGGG-3 NM_007993.2 Fn1 5 -CACGTACCTCTTCAAAGTCTTTGC-3 5 - GGATTGCTTTCCCTGCCCT-3 NM_010233.1 Gapdh 5 -TTGTGGAAGGGCTCATGACC-3 5 -TCTTCTGGGTGGCAGTGATG-3 NM_008084.2 Mhk 5 -AGTAAAGACAGTCAAGCTGCCACTG-3 5 -TCCTGGCCACTCTAGAAGCG3 NM_177595 Osx 5 -CCAGCCTCTGGCTATGCAAA-3 5 -AGGAAATGAGTGAGGGAAGGGT-3 NM_130458 Pparg 5 -TCGCTGATGCACTGCCTATG-3 5 -GAGAGGTCCACAGAGCTGATT-3 NM_011146 Runx2 5 -GGTCCCCGGGAACCAA-3 5 -GGCGATCAGAGAACAAACTAGGTTT-3 NM_001145920 Scx 5 -CCTTCTGCCTCAGCAACCAG-3 5 -GGTCCAAAGTGGGGCTCTCCGTGACT-3 NM_198885.3 Scx (r.n.) 5 - GCACCTTCTGCCTCAGCAAC -3 5 - TTCTGTCACGGTCTTTGCTCA -3 NM_001130508.1 Smad7 5 -CAGCACTGCCAAGCATGGT-3 5 -ACCGAAACGCTGATCCAAAG-3 NM_001042660.1 Sox5 5 -TGATCCCAACCACTATGGCA-3 5 -GGCCTAAGCCTGGTGTTGC-3 NM_001113559 Sox6 5 -CTGCCTCTGCACCCCATAATG-3 5 -TTGCTGAGATGACAGAACGCT-3 NM_001025560 Tgfb1 5 -GGTGTCAGAGCCTCACCGCG-3 5 -AGAGCGGGAACCCTCGGCAA-3 NM_011577.1 Tgfb2 5 -GAATAAAAGCGAAGAGCTCGAGG-3 5 -GAGGTGCCATCAATACCTGCA-3 NM_009367 Tgfb3 5 -CGGAGCACAATGAACTGGC-3 5 -AAACCTTAGAGGTAATTCCTTTGGG-3 NM_009368.3 Tgfbr1 5 -CCCGGGGGCGAAGGCATTAC-3 5 -GCTGCCAGCTCCACAGGACC-3 NM_009370.2 Tgfbr2 5 -CGTCCCGCTGCAATGC-3 5 -CGCACCTTGGAACCAAATG-3 NM_029575.3 Tnc 5 -AACCATCAATGCGGCCAC-3 5 -TGTCGTCCAGAAAAACGTCAGA-3 NM_011607 Tnmd 5 -AACACTTCTGGCCCGAGGTAT-3 5 -AAGTGTGCTCCATGTCATAGGTTTT-3 NM_022322.2 Supplemental Table 1. Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR. All primers were designed from mus musculus genome. Col1a1, Col1a2 and Scx primers were also designed from rattus norvegicus (r.n) genome. It has to be noted that mus musculus and rattus norvegicus primers cross-reacted with each others and gave similar results in mouse or rat tissues.

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