1 The Human Body An Orientation What is Anatomy & Physiology? Big Ideas: 1. How does the body maintain homeostasis? 2. How are structure and function interdependent? Anatomy & Physiology anatomy - study of the structure of body parts and how they are organized > anatomy = structure physiology - study of the functions of body parts; what they do and how they do it > physiology = function ANATOMY is to STRUCTURE, what PHYSIOLOGY is to FUNCTION. principle of complementarity - a body part's function depends on the organization of its structure > all physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures > anatomy and physiology are interdependent and influence on each other Introduction "Modern medicine began with long-ago observations on the function, and malfunction of the human body. The study of the human body probably began with our earliest ancestors, who must have been curious about how their bodies worked, as we are today. At first, their interest most likely concerned injuries and illnesses, because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners. Their healers relied heavily on superstitions and notions about magic. However, as healers tried to help the sick, they began to discover useful ways of examining and treating the human body. They observed injuries, noticed how wounds healed, and examined cadavers to determine causes of death. They also found that certain herbs and potions could sometimes be used to treat coughs, headaches, fevers, and other common signs of illness. Over time, people began to believe that humans could understand forces that caused natural events. They began observing the world around them more closely, asking questions and seeking answers. This set the stage for the development of modern medical science. As techniques for making accurate observations and performing careful experiments evolved, knowledge of the human body expanded rapidly. At the same time, early medical providers coined new terms to name body parts, describe their locations, and explain their functions and interactions. These terms, most of which originate from Greek or Latin words, formed the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology that persists today." -Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Levels of Organization chemical cellular tissues organs organ systems organisms complexity increases with each level each level relies on the structure and function of the level below it ;K:BGLMHKF7 With a partner, try constructing a flow chart demonstrating how a different system of the body is organized. Describe the levels of organization. NOSE GOES
Necessary Life Functions maintain boundaries movement responsiveness (irritability) digestion metabolism excretion reproduction growth Survival Needs being alive requires certain environmental factors > water - most abundant chemical in the body > nutrients - chemical substances used for energy and cell building > oxygen, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure > vital signs - observable body functions that reflect essential metabolic activities body temperature, blood pressure Ping Pong Back & FOrth listing the 8 life functions and 5 survival needs Homeostasis homeostasis - stable internal environment > dynamic process because physiological variables are constantly changing to survive, every living organism must maintain homeostasis > HOW? > homeostatic regulation *like staying on a balance board...always making adjustments Homeostatic Regulation adjustments in physiological systems to maintain a stable internal environment requires a receptor, control center, effector > receptor - sensitive to a specific stimulus > control center - receives and processes info > effector - responds (corrects or reinforces) * or reinforced Negative Feedback negative feedback - when a stimulus rises or falls outside normal, the receptor triggers an automatic response that CORRECTS the initial stimulus > negative feedback CORRECTS the stimulus ex. thermostat > normal room temp temp rises (stimulus) registers with thermometer (receptor) send info to thermostat (control center) turns on air conditioner (effector) room temp drops normal room temp
ex. body temperature ;gv^chidgb7 On your own or with a partner, can you come up with another example of negative feedback in the body? NOSE GOES Negative Feedback Positive Feedback positive feedback - initial stimulus produces a response that REINFORCES the stimulus > positive feedback REINFORCES the stimulus > accelerates processes that need to be completed quickly (blood clotting or child birth) Best 2 out of 3 Positive Feedback
1 The Human Body An Orientation M^bbn LVnh+++ Homeostatic Imbalances disturbances in homeostasis > caused by aging and overwhelmed negative feedback mechanisms results in disease 1 Anatomy is to what physiology is to. A structure, function B structure, structure C function, structure D function, function 3 What is the correct order of organization in the body? (text in as one #, ex. 12345) 1 - organ systems 2 refers to a stable internal environment. 4 Reproduction is necessary for survival of the human race, but not for the individual. 2 - organs True 3 - tissues False 4 - organism 5 - cells
5 MATA: Which of the following are necessary for survival? A nutrients B oxygen C water D normal body temperature 6 Negative feedback the stimulus, while positive feedback. A reinforces, reinforces B reinforces, corrects C corrects, corrects D corrects, reinforces E standard atmospheric pressure 7 Is this an example of positive or negative feedback? Scientific Method Graphing Data ALWAYS title your graph!!!! *height (cm) *upper limb length (cm)
Pull Me Metric System King Henry Doesn't (Usually) Drink Chocolate Milk English - Metric Conversions Anatomical Terminology How do we talk about the body? Anatomical Position standing erect, face forward, palms forward "right" and "left" refer to the specimen's right and left, NOT YOURS az[i K^\]i Relative Positions superior - a body part above another or closer to the head inferior - a body part below another or toward the feet medial - toward the body's imaginary midline lateral - away from the body's imaginary midline superficial - near the surface deep - away from the surface (internal)
anterior (ventral) - toward the front posterior (dorsal) - toward the back proximal - closer to the point of attachment to the trunk distal - farther from the point of attachment to the trunk M K N G D Ping Pong Back & FOrth describing the position of the elbow to the knee. Ping Pong Back & FOrth describing the position of the nose to the Left eye. Body Sections (Planes) sagittal - divides the body into a left and right > passes through the body's imaginary midline transverse (horizontal) - divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) coronal (frontal) - divides the body into an anterior and posterior (front and back) Body Regions & Parts cranium - skull cephalic - head axillary - armpit brachium - arm antebrachium - forearm carpal - wrist digital (phalanges) - fingers patellar - kneecap tarsal - ankle pedal - foot femoral - thigh inguinal - groin umbilical - navel abdomen - stomach mammary - breast thoracic - chest cervical - neck orbital - eye acromial - shoulder dorsal - back olecranal - elbow lumbar - lower back gluteal - buttocks calcaneal - heel plantar - sole foot vertebral - spine
Trade off being Simon...use your anatomical terms to touch different body parts NO touchy your mammaries, gluteus, or inguinal! 1 Left and right are labeled correctly below. True False left right 2 Your patella is inferior to your olecranon. True False 3 You digits are distal to your antebrachium. True False 4 Your umbilicus is lateral to your ear. 5 Name the plane. True False
1 The Human Body An Orientation 6 Name the plane. The Body's 11 Organ Systems How will we talk about the body? Support & Movement Skin & Integumentary System > skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) Skeletal System Regulation & Integration Nervous System > brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Endocrine System > glands and hormones > bones, ligaments, cartilage Muscular System > muscles Transport Cardiovascular System > heart, blood vessels, and blood Lymphatic System & Immunity > lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen Absorption & Excretion Respiratory System > nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli Digestive System > mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus Urinary System > kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Human Life Cycle Reproductive Systems > male - scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, urethra, sperm > female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva, egg cells Pregnancy, Growth, Development 1 MATA: Name the organ system(s) responsible for transport. A Integumentary B Nervous C Reproductive D Skeletal E Cardiovascular F Endocrine G Respiratory H Muscular I Digestive J Immune & Lymphatic 2 MATA: Name the organ system(s) responsible for regulation and integration. A Integumentary B Nervous C Reproductive D Skeletal E Cardiovascular F Endocrine G Respiratory H Muscular I Digestive J Immune & Lymphatic 3 MATA: Name the organ system(s) responsible for movement and support. A Integumentary B Nervous C Reproductive D Skeletal E Cardiovascular F Endocrine G Respiratory H Muscular I Digestive J Immune & Lymphatic