Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type A Acute coronary syndrome, perioperative oxygen in, 599 600 Acute lung injury (ALI). See Lung injury and Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), perioperative, pathophysiology of, 573 590 diagnostic criteria, 574 differential diagnosis of ALI, 579 endothelial and epithelial injury in ARDS, 574 576 imaging findings, 578 579 mechanical ventilation and ALI, 576 578 phases of ALI/ARDS, 579 584 coagulopathy, 583 cytokines, 581 edema, 580 exudative, 579 580 physiology, 584 proliferative, 584 pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary ARDS, 581 583 resolution, 584 surfactant, 581 translation into the operating room, 584 585 Alveolar-capillary permeability, fluid management to prevent increases in, 647 648 Analgosedation, in therapy for acute lung injury, 635 Anesthetic agents, volatile, role in perioperative lung protection, 615 616 Aneurysm, transesophageal echocardiography for interrogation of thoracic in, 665 Aorta, transesophageal echocardiography for interrogation of thoracic, 664 665 Atelectasis, perioperative oxygen toxicity and, 593 594 Atherosclerosis, transesophageal echocardiography for interrogation of thoracic in, 664 665 B Breathing, spontaneous, in therapy for acute lung injury, 635 Bronchodilation, perioperative therapy to decrease lung injury on COPD with, 611 612 Bronchoscopy, tracheal resection and stenosis, 709 730 C Capillary hydrostatic pressure, fluid restriction to prevent acute lung injury, 646 Cardiac arrest, perioperative oxygen in care after, 601 602 Cardiac evaluation, intraoperative during thoracic surgery with transesophageal echocardiography, 659 662 Anesthesiology Clin 30 (2012) 785 794 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1932-2275(12)00119-x anesthesiology.theclinics.com 1932-2275/12/$ see front matter ª 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
786 Index Cardiac surgery pulmonary pathophysiology and lung mechanics in, 765 774 effects on gas exchange, 771 773 effects on respiratory mechanics, 770 771 in patients with COPD, 773 774 inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, 769 lung histology after cardiopulmonary bypass, 768 lung management during cardiopulmonary bypass, 768 769 mechanical ventilation during, 766 768 preoxygenation and induction of anesthesia, 766 Cardiopulmonary bypass, strategies for lung protection during, 617 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, perioperative oxygen and, 600 601 Carotid endarterectomy, perioperative hyperoxia during, 596 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exacerbations due to perioperative hyperoxia, 598 599 lung resection in a patient with, 760 765 lung isolation methods, physiology, and mechanics, 762 764 modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, 764 765 modulation of lung isolation methods, physiology, and mechanics, 762 764 regional thoracic anesthesia and lung mechanics, 765 risk stratification and prediction of postoperative function, 760 762 perioperative lung protection in patients with, 610 612 bullae, 610 dynamic hyperinflation, 610 nocturnal hypoxemia, 611 respiratory drive, 611 right ventricular dysfunction, 611 therapy to decrease lung injury, 611 612 bronchodilation, 611 612 physiotherapy, 611 smoking cessation, 611 Coagulopathy, in ARDS and ALI, 583 Colloid infusion, increasing oncotic pressure to prevent acute lung injury, 646 647 Computed tomography (CT), findings in ARDS and ALI, 578 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), managing hypoxemia during thoracoscopy, 690 691 D Dissection, transesophageal echocardiography for interrogation of thoracic in, 665 Double-lumen tube, how to choose, 671 681 conundrum of size, 672 675 left versus right, 675 680 E Echocardiography, transesophageal. See Transesophageal echocardiography. Edema, in ARDS and ALI, 580 Endotracheal intubation, tracheal resection and stenosis, 709 730 Esophageal cancer, esophageal resection for, 731 747 Esophageal resection, anesthetic management for, 731 747
Index 787 anastomotic leak, 737 738 cardiac arrhythmias, 739 esophagogastric anastomosis and gastric conduit perfusion, 735 736 intraoperative fluid management, 734 735 nutrition and gastrointestinal function, 740 other intrathoracic complications, 738 739 pulmonary morbidity, 733 thoracic epidural analgesia, 734 vasopressor therapy, 736 737 venous thromboembolism, 739 740 ventilatory management, 733 734 Esophagogastrectomy, robotic assisted Ivor Lewis procedure, 702 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in therapy for acute lung injury, 631 633 cannulation, 632 complications associated with, 633 indications, 631 technical aspects, 632 ventilator settings during veno-venous, 632 weaning, 633 transesophageal echocardiography in initiation of, 665 666 F Fluid management, in perioperative lung protection strategies, 619 621 in thoracic surgery, 641 655 avoiding acute lung injury, 644 648 increasing oncotic pressure by colloid infusion, 646 647 preventing increases in alveolar-capillary permeability, 647 648 reducing capillary hydrostatic pressure with fluid restriction, 646 fluid balance in perioperative period, 642 644 heart and, 650 individualized goal-directed, 650 651 kidneys and, 648 650 G Gene therapy, potential for, in ARDS and ALI, 585 586 Glycocalyx, in perioperative lung protection strategies, 619 621 H Heart, fluid management in thoracic surgery and, 650 Heart evaluation, intraoperative during thoracic surgery with transesophageal echocardiography, 659 662 High-frequency jet ventilation, managing hypoxemia during thoracoscopy, 693 Hyperoxia, perioperative, clinical effects of, 598 602 acute coronary syndrome management, 599 600 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 600 601 COPD exacerbations, 598 599 post-cardic arrest care, 601 602
788 Index Hyperoxia (continued ) stroke and transient ischemic attack management, 600 physiologic effects of, 596 598 impaired HPV, 597 respiratory control, 597 V/Q relationships, 597 vascular effects, 597 598 reasons for, 594 596 anxiolysis for anesthetists, 595 carotid endarterectomy, 596 one-lung ventilation, 595 596 postoperative nausea and vomiting, 596 surgical site infection, 596 Hypertension, transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of acute pulmonary, 662 Hypoxemia, management during minimally invasive thoracic surgery, 683 697 advanced interventions, 688 693 with no impact on exposure, 688 690 with potential impact on exposure, 690 693 during one-lung ventilation, predictors for, 685 identify and treat common causes of, 688 preventive measures to avoid, 685 686 risk of hypoxia, 693 thoracoscopy, 684 685 treatment during thoracoscopy, 686 688 I Imaging, findings in ARDS and ALI, 578 579 Infection, surgical site, and perioperative hyperoxia, 596 Inflammation, in perioperative lung protection strategies, 619 621 Interventional lung assist, for therapy for acute lung injury, 633 634 indications, 633 634 technical aspects, 634 weaning from, 634 Isolation, lung, how to choose the double-lumen tube for, 671 681 Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy, robotic assisted, 702 K Kidney injury, acute, fluid management during thoracic surgery to prevent, 648 650 L Lobectomy, robotic assisted, 701 702 Lung cancer, lung resection in a patient with COPD, 760 765 lung isolation methods, physiology, and mechanics, 762 764 modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, 764 765 modulation of lung isolation methods, physiology, and mechanics, 762 764 regional thoracic anesthesia and lung mechanics, 765 risk stratification and prediction of postoperative function, 760 762
Lung injury, advances in therapy for acute, 629 639 analgosedation, 635 complications associated with ECMO, 633 ECMO cannulation, 632 extracorporeal lung support, 631 indications for ECMO, 631 interventional lung assist, 633 634 spontaneous breathing, 635 technical aspects of ECMO, 632 ventilator settings during veno-venous ECMO, 632 ventilator-induced lung injury, 630 631 weaning ECMO, 633 perioperative, pathophysiology of, 573 590 diagnostic criteria, 574 differential diagnosis of ALI, 579 endothelial and epithelial injury in ARDS, 574 576 imaging findings, 578 579 mechanical ventilation and ALI, 576 578 phases of ALI/ARDS, 579 584 coagulopathy, 583 cytokines, 581 edema, 580 exudative, 579 580 physiology, 584 proliferative, 584 pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary ARDS, 581 583 resolution, 584 surfactant, 581 transfusion-related, strategies for protection against, 616 617 translation into the operating room, 584 585 ventilator-induced, 609, 630 631 strategies of fluid management to avoid acute perioperative, 644 648 increasing oncotic pressure by colloid infusion, 646 647 preventing increases in alveolar-capillary permeability, 647 648 reducing capillary hydrostatic pressure with fluid restriction, 646 Lung isolation, how to choose the double-lumen tube for, 671 681 Lung protection strategies, in cardiothoracic anesthesia, 607 628 cardiopulmonary bypass, 617 fluids, inflammation, and the glycocalyx, 619 621 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 610 612 mechanical ventilation, 608 609 one-lung ventilation, 612 615 other therapies for, 621 622 perioperative surgical environment factors, 609 610 role of volatile anesthetic agents in, 615 616 transfusion-related lung injury, 616 617 ultraprotective lung ventilation, 617 619 ventilator-induced lung injury, 609 Lung resection surgery, transesophageal echocardiography in, 662 663 Lung transplantation, transesophageal echocardiography in, 663 664 Index 789
790 Index M Mechanical ventilation, and acute lung injury, 576 578 lung protection in cardiothoracic surgery, 608 609 Mediastinal mass, anterior, in a pregnant patient, 749 758 anesthetic management, 753 756 airway evaluation, 753 754 cardiovascular evaluation, 754 755 case summary, 756 757 perioperative management, 750 753 symptoms, 749 750 Monitoring, with transesophageal echocardiography in noncardiac thoracic surgery, 657 669 N Nausea, postoperative, perioperative hyperoxia in prevention of, 596 O Oncotic pressure, colloid infusion to prevent acute lung injury, 646 647 One-lung ventilation, managing hypoxemia during, 683 697 perioperative lung protection strategies during, 612 615 Oxygen toxicity, perioperative, 591 605 clinical effects of hyperoxia, 598 602 acute coronary syndrome management, 599 600 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 600 601 COPD exacerbations, 598 599 post-cardic arrest care, 601 602 stroke and transient ischemic attack management, 600 direct toxic effects, 592 593 indirect adverse effects, 593 594 physiologic effects of hyperoxia, 596 598 impaired HPV, 597 respiratory control, 597 V/Q relationships, 597 vascular effects, 597 598 reasons for hyperoxia, 594 596 anxiolysis for anesthetists, 595 carotid endarterectomy, 596 one-lung ventilation, 595 596 postoperative nausea and vomiting, 596 surgical site infection, 596 P Pathophysiology, of perioperative lung injury, 573 590 diagnostic criteria, 574 differential diagnosis of ALI, 579 endothelial and epithelial injury in ARDS, 574 576 imaging findings, 578 579 mechanical ventilation and ALI, 576 578 phases of ALI/ARDS, 579 584 coagulopathy, 583
Index 791 cytokines, 581 edema, 580 exudative, 579 580 physiology, 584 proliferative, 584 pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary ARDS, 581 583 resolution, 584 surfactant, 581 translation into the operating room, 584 585 pulmonary, and lung mechanics in anesthesiology, 759 784 in cardiac surgery patients, 765 774 lung resection in patient with COPD, 760 765 Physiotherapy, perioperative therapy to decrease lung injury on COPD with, 611 Pneumonectomy, transesophageal echocardiography in, 662 663 Positron emission tomography, findings in ARDS and ALI, 579 Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), perioperative hyperoxia in prevention of, 596 Pregnancy, anterior mediastinal mass during, 749 758 anesthetic management, 753 756 airway evaluation, 753 754 cardiovascular evaluation, 754 755 case summary, 756 757 perioperative management, 750 753 symptoms, 749 750 Pulmonary hypertension, transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of acute, 662 Pulmonary pathophysiology, and lung mechanics in anesthesiology, 759 784 in cardiac surgery patients, 765 774 lung resection in patient with COPD, 760 765 R Radiographs, chest, findings in ARDS and ALI, 578 Reconstruction, tracheal. See Tracheal resection and reconstruction. Resection, tracheal. See Tracheal resection. Respiratory control, effects of perioperative hyperoxia on, 597 Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery, 699 708 anesthesia for, 702 703 bladder catheterization, 706 drawbacks to, 700 701 emergency planning, 706 operative approaches for, 701 702 patient immobility, 705 positioning neuropathy, 705 prophylaxis considerations, 705 706 single-lung ventilation, 706 temperature management, 706 venous return impairment, 703 705 video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, 699 700 S Smoking cessation, perioperative therapy to decrease lung injury on COPD with, 611 Spontaneous breathing, in therapy for acute lung injury, 635
792 Index Stem cells, in potential therapy ARDS and ALI, 585 Stenosis, tracheal resection and stenosis for, 709 730 Stroke, perioperative oxygen and, 600 Surfactant, in ARDS and ALI, 581 T Thoracic anesthesia, 573 784 acute lung injury, advances in therapy for, 629 639 analgosedation, 635 complications associated with ECMO, 633 ECMO cannulation, 632 extracorporeal lung support, 631 indications for ECMO, 631 interventional lung assist, 633 634 spontaneous breathing, 635 technical aspects of ECMO, 632 ventilator settings during veno-venous ECMO, 632 ventilator-induced lung injury, 630 631 weaning ECMO, 633 choosing double-lumen tube, 671 681 conundrum of size, 672 675 left versus right, 675 680 current monitoring practices in, 658 659 fluid management, 641 655 avoiding acute lung injury, 644 648 fluid balance in perioperative period, 642 644 heart and, 650 individualized goal-directed, 650 651 kidneys and, 648 650 for esophageal resection, 731 747 for pregnant patients with anterior mediastinal mass, 749 758 for robotic-assisted thoracic surgery, 699 708 for tracheal resection and reconstruction, 709 730 for transesophageal echocardiography, 657 669 hypoxemia during minimally invasive thoracic surgery, 683 697 advanced interventions, 688 693 with no impact on exposure, 688 690 with potential impact on exposure, 690 693 during one-lung ventilation, predictors for, 685 identify and treat common causes of, 688 preventive measures to avoid, 685 686 risk of hypoxia, 693 thoracoscopy, 684 685 treatment during thoracoscopy, 686 688 lung protection strategies in, 607 628 cardiopulmonary bypass, 617 fluids, inflammation, and the glycocalyx, 619 621 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 610 612 mechanical ventilation, 608 609 one-lung ventilation, 612 615 other therapies for, 621 622
perioperative surgical environment factors, 609 610 role of volatile anesthetic agents in, 615 616 transfusion-related lung injury, 616 617 ultraprotective lung ventilation, 617 619 ventilator-induced lung injury, 609 pathophysiology of perioperative lung injury, 573 590 diagnostic criteria, 574 differential diagnosis of ALI, 579 endothelial and epithelial injury in ARDS, 574 576 imaging findings, 578 579 mechanical ventilation and ALI, 576 578 phases of ALI/ARDS, 579 584 translation into the operating room, 584 585 perioperative oxygen toxicity, 591 605 clinical effects of hyperoxia, 598 602 direct toxic effects, 592 593 indirect adverse effects, 593 594 physiologic effects of hyperoxia, 596 598 reasons for hyperoxia, 594 596 pulmonary pathophysiology and lung mechanics in, 759 784 Thoracic aorta, transesophageal echocardiography for interrogation of, 664 665 Thoracic artery, transesophageal echocardiography in surgery of, 664 Thoracoscopy, managing hypoxemia during, 683 697 robotic-assisted, 699 708 Thymectomy, approach for robotic-assisted, 702 Tracheal resection and reconstruction, anesthesia for, 709 730 anatomy and physiology, 710 712 complications, 721 724 hemoptysis, 723 postextubation respiratory failure, 722 723 recurrent aspiration, 724 vocal cord paralysis, 723 departures from the basic case, 724 727 alternative ventilation strategies, 725 carinal resection, 725 727 induction and intubation of critically obstructed airway, 724 725 intraoperative managment, 714 721 emergence and extubation, 718 721 induction of anesthesia, 715 716 intravenous access and monitors, 715 operating room setup, 714 715 patient positioning, 715 surgical procedure, 716 718 postoperative care, 721 preoperative evaluation, 713 714 clinical evaluation, 713 714 coexisting medical conditions, 714 imaging studies, 714 surgical indications, 712 713 postintubation tracheal stenosis, 712 primary tracheal tumors, 713 Index 793
794 Index Transesophageal echocardiography, in noncardiac surgery, 657 669 for initiation of ECMO, 665 666 for interrogation of the thoracic aorta during thoracic surgery, 664 665 for intraoperative right heart evaluation during thoracic surgery, 659 662 in acute pulmonary hypertension diagnosis, 662 in lung resection surgery and pneumonectomy, 662 663 in lung transplantation, 663 664 in thoracic aortic surgery, 664 Transfusion-related lung injury, strategies for protection against, 616 617 Transient ischemic attack, perioperative oxygen and, 600 Tube, double-lumen. See Double-lumen tube. Tumors, tracheal, tracheal resection and stenosis for, 709 730 U Ultraprotective lung ventilation, strategies for perioperative lung protection, 617 619 Ultrasound, findings in ARDS and ALI, 578 579 V V/Q ratios, effects of perioperative hyperoxia on, 597 Vascular effects, of perioperative hyperoxia, 597 598 Vasoconstrictors, in management of hypoxemia during thoracoscopy, 689 690 Vasodilators, in management of hypoxemia during thoracoscopy, 688 689 Ventilation, managing hypoxemia during thoracoscopy, 683 697 mechanical, and acute lung injury, 576 578 mechanical, lung protection in cardiothoracic surgery, 608 609 one lung, perioperative lung protection strategies during, 612 615 ultraprotective, for perioperative lung protection, 617 619 Ventilator-induced lung injury, advances in therapy for, 630 631 in cardiothoracic anesthesia, 609 Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, 699 700 Volatile anesthetic agents, role in perioperative lung protection, 615 616 Vomiting, postoperative, perioperative hyperoxia in prevention of, 596