Field Data for Anopheles spp. in Greece Spiros Mourelatos Sandra Gewehr, Stella Kalaitzopoulou, George Vlachos, George Iatrou Ecodevelopment S.A. MALWEST Final Workshop Athens, 24-25/02/2014
Contents 1. Distribution of Anopheles spp. 2. Abundance of Anopheles spp. 3. Anopheles spp. in the rice fields 4. Some data on ethology 5. Typology of breeding sites 6. Conclusions
CO 2 /light trap network Area Greece (continental) Northern Greece Central Macedonia Period No. of fixed sampling stations No. of samples Sampling frequency 04 09 / 2011* 60+46 797 bimonthly 05 10 / 2012* 60+25 1.181 bimonthly (from 20/07 30/08 weekly) 05 10 / 2013 60 467 bimonthly Total 106 2.445 Constant CO2 flow rate: 0,5 l/min *2011, 2012 funding from HCDCP
CO 2 /light trap network (2011) 106 stations (CO 2 traps) monitored bimonthly all over Greece (797 samples) 8 Anopheles species found: hyrcanus, sacharovi, pseudopictus, maculipennis, claviger, atroparvus, plumbeus, algeriensis sacharovi in 46/106 sampling stations
Genera composition: Northern Greece (CΟ 2 traps, 2011)
Genera composition: Southern Greece (CO 2 traps, 2011)
Abundance of Anopheles spp.: Central Macedonia (CO 2, traps 2011) A first approach Surface model
Abundance of Anopheles sacharovi: Central Macedonia (CO 2 traps, 2011) Highly receptive area: Rice fields
Contents 1. Distribution of Anopheles spp. 2. Abundance of Anopheles spp. 3. Anopheles spp. in the rice fields 4. Some data on ethology 5. Typology of breeding sites 6. Conclusions
Location of Traps in relation to Wetlands and rice fields Buffer zone: 5 Km
Abundance in relation to the breeding system (CO 2 traps 2011) System (buffer zone of 5 Km) No of sites of traps Sites with Anopheles Sites with Aedes Sites with Culex No of samples No of samples with Anopheles No of samples with Aedes No of samples with Culex Rice fields 24 24 (100%) 22 (92%) 24 (100%) 197 106 (53%) 132 (67%) 196 (99%) Rice fields + wetlands 7 5 (71%) 7 (100%) 7 (100%) 54 28 (52%) 44 (81%) 50 (93%) Wetlands 21 16 (76%) 19 (91%) 21 (100%) 158 39 (25%) 89 (56%) 145 (92%) Periurban 54 25 (46%) 42 (78%) 52 (96%) 388 35 (9%) 130 (34%) 321 (83%) Total 106 70 (66%) 90 (85%) 104 (98%) 797 208 (26%) 355 (45%) 712 (90%)
Results on Anopheles adults from the network of the CO 2 traps Average number of Anopheles species/night/trap System (buffer zone of 5 Km) + sacharovi * hyrcanus pseudopic claviger tus plumbeus atroparvu s maculipen nis s.l. spp. (n.d.) Total Anopheles Rice fields Rice fields + wetlands 2,25 (x 56) 11,81 11,44 0,49 0,04 0,09 0,01 0,18 26,30 (x175) 1,01 (x 25) 2,37 1,12 0,08 0 0 0 0,09 4,66 (x31) Wetlands 0,29 (x 7) 0,13 0,13 0,08 0,3 0,03 0 0,18 1,13 (x7,5) Periurban 0,04 (x 1) 0,06 0,02 0,02 0 0 0 0 0,15 (x1) *Comparison with the numbers of periurban used as reference value
Results on Anopheles adults from the network of the CO 2 traps claviger plumbeus atroparvus Rice atroparvus hyrcanus Wetlands pseudopictus 24 stations 197 samples hyrcanus plumbeus 21 stations 158 samples sacharovi claviger sacharovi = 2,25 ind./trap/night Total Anopheles spp.=26,10 sacharovi / Anopheles spp = 8,6% sacharovi x 175 x 7,5 pseudopictus sacharovi = 0,29 ind./trap/night Total Anopheles spp.=0,95 sacharovi / Anopheles spp = 30,5% claviger Periurban 54 stations 388 samples pseudopictus hyrcanus sacharovi = 0,04 ind./trap/night Total Anopheles spp.=0,15 sacharovi / Anopheles spp =26,7% sacharovi
Contents 1. Distribution of Anopheles spp. 2. Abundance of Anopheles spp. 3. Anopheles spp. in the rice fields 4. Some data on ethology 5. Typology of breeding sites 6. Conclusions
Mosquito adult stations Landing rates (Thessaloniki, Ecodevelopment)
Three major Anopheles species (rice fields, Thessaloniki) Landing rates (individuals/15 min 30 minutes after sunset): 2006 2013, June July - August, 10 sampling stations, weekly records, 927 samples Landing rates/15 min 10 8 6 4 2 0 Thessaloniki plain (Landing rates) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 hyrcanus sacharovi pseudopictus LR WEST THESSALONIKI: ANOPHELES SPECIES COMPOSITION pseudopictus n=927 samples Total Anopheles = 5.68/15 min. CO 2 hyrcanus sacharovi RICE FIELDS: ANOPHELES SPECIES COMPOSITION pseudopict us 12% hyrcanus n=197 samples Total Anopheles = 25,5/night/trap sacharovi 8,6%
Three major Anopheles species (rice fields, major rice producing areas) SERRES: ANOPHELES SPECIES COMPOSITION KAVALA: ANOPHELES SPECIES COMPOSITION sacharovi hyrcanus sacharovi pseudopictus 1 year 10 stations N= 81 samples Avg. LR = 7,25/15 min. pseudopictus 3 years 5 stations N= 114 samples Avg. LR = 2,06/15 min. hyrcanus WEST THESSALONIKI: ANOPHELES SPECIES COMPOSITION PIERIA: ANOPHELES SPECIES COMPOSITION hyrcanus hyrcanus pseudopictus 8 years 10 stations N= 927 samples Avg. LR = 5,24/15 min. sacharovi pseudopictu s 5 years 7 stations N= 384 samples Avg. LR = 0,3/15 min. sacharovi
Contents 1. Distribution of Anopheles spp. 2. Abundance of Anopheles spp. 3. Anopheles spp. in the rice fields 4. Some data on ethology 5. Typology of breeding sites 6. Conclusions
Investigation on mosquito adult samplings 2012 (space, method, time) Issue Place System Stations Period CO 2 vs LR LR/3 time periods Thessaloniki plain, 2012 Thessaloniki plain, 2012 Rice fields 16 (8x2) Weeks 30-35 2012 (mid July end August) Rice fields 8 Weeks 35-36 2012 CO 2 in vs CO 2 out Thessaloniki plain, 2012 Rice fields 16 (8 inside + 8 outside) Weeks 30-35 2012 (mid July end August) CO 2 vs LR: Comparisons between results from Landing Rates and CO 2 traps LR/3 time periods: Landing Rates for three different time periods (typical hours, 21:00, 22:30, 24:00) CO 2 in vs CO 2 out: CO 2 traps inside and outside villages This kind of information is very useful for ULV applications
Comparison between CO 2 traps and Landing rates June, July, August 2012 12 sampling stations n = 11-13 / station, total n = 144 samples Culex; 10,11; 42% Anopheles; 5,86; 25% LR Aedes; 7,83; 33% June, July, August 2012 10 sampling stations n = 10 / station, total n = 100 samples Aedes; 132,69459; 11% Anopheles; 73,6720571 ; 6% CO 2 Culex; 1055,82479 ; 83%
Landing Rate at three different time periods (a,b,c) Thessaloniki plain, 8 sampling stations, 28/08/2012-10/09/2012 Method Place System Stations Period No of measurements LR/3 time periods Thessaloniki plain, 2012 Rice fields 8 Weeks 35-36 2012 15 measurements LR/ 15 min at 3 time periods: a=21:00 ± 30 min b=22:30 ± 30 min c= 00:00 ± 30 min Time period Ae. caspius Cx. modestus Cx. pipiens pseudopictus a>b,c 5/9 4/9 2/7 9/14 a -ind. 45 (58%) 71 (75%) 60 (48%) 82 (53%) 48% (Cx.p.) - 75% (Cx.mod.) b -ind. 16 (20%) 14 (15%) 25 (20%) 34 (22%) 15% - 22% c -ind. 17 (22%) 10 (14%) 39 (31%) 39 (25%) 14% (Cx.mod.) - 31% (Cx.p.) (a+b+c) ind. 78 95 124 155
CO 2 traps: inside vs outside villages Method Place System Stations Period No of measurements CO 2 in vs CO 2 out Thessaloniki plain, 2012 Rice fields 16 (8 inside + 8 outside) Weeks 30-35 2012(mid July end August) Sampling frequency 48 couples weekly Mosquito intrusion to villages (indication for anthropophily?) Total Mosquitoes Ae. caspius pseudopictus sacharovi Cx. pipiens Cx. modestus Outside 719 162 149 5 320 92 Inside 75 9 9 2 53 2 Percentage (inside / outside) 10,5% 5,7% 6,1% 16,5% 2,2% Outside Total = 34.531 Avg total = 719 / trap / night Inside Total = 3.619 Avg total = 75 / trap / night Cx.modestus ; 91,7 Ae. caspius; 161,9 Cx.modestus ; 2,3 Ae. caspius; 9,2 pseudopi ctus; 9,0 Cx.pipiens; 320,5 sacharovi ; 5,3 pseudopi ctus; 148,6 x10 Cx.pipiens; 53,0 sacharovi ; 1,9
Contents 1. Distribution of Anopheles spp. 2. Abundance of Anopheles spp. 3. Anopheles spp. in the rice fields 4. Some data on ethology 5. Typology of breeding sites 6. Conclusions
Typology of Anopheles breeding sites System Wetlands Rice fields Periurban Urban (public) Urban (private) Categories of Breeding sites 27 vegetation types with evaluated breeding potential 11 categories draining channels, water courses etc. 13 categories storm water catch basins, storm water draining channels, fountain, animal watering etc. 9 categories septic tanks, barrels, manholes, fountains etc. Breeding sites particularly productive in Anopheles spp. 3 main vegetation types: Paspalum paspaloides, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia Rice parcels in vicinity of stockyards and villages 5 categories of water bodies mainly clear water water courses wetlands lakes small flooded areas point sources 2 categories animal watering fountains 2 categories barrels fountains
Analysis of larvae productivity in Anopheles in the periurban system 12 departments 25 datasets >2.500 monitored stations >40.000 analyzed samples Results: 1. >20% positive stations in Anopheles spp. (avg.) 2. >8% positive samples in Anopheles spp. (avg.)
Anopheles larvae productivity vs types of breeding sites in the periurban system
Anopheles larvae productivity vs types of breeding sites in the periurban system
Anopheles productive breeding sites vs. water basin DRAMA (2012) DRAMA (2012) FS LM RE SP BK KA YL MP XA VT DE PL SK NUMBER OF STATIONS (AVERAGE 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 WL LK WC SS ES CH WW SFA WWB ST T TYPE OF BREEDING SITE DRAMA (Eastern Macedonia Thrace): The main productive types of breeding sites of Anopheles in the periurban system are water courses and drainage channels STATIONS WITH ANOPHELES LARVAE STATIONS WITH WATER CHALKIDIKI (2004-2006) CHALKIDIKI (2004-2006) FS LM RE SP BK KA YL MP XA VT DE PL SK NUMBER OF STATIONS (AVERAGE 200,0 180,0 160,0 140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 WL LK WC SS ES CH WW SFA WWB ST T TYPE OF BREEDING SITE CHALKIDIKI (Central Macedonia): The main productive types of breeding sites of Anopheles in the periurban system are wetlands and water courses STATIONS WITH ANOPHELES LARVAE STATIONS WITH WATER ARKADIA (2012) ARKADIA (2012) FS LM RE SP BK KA YL MP XA VT DE PL SK NUMBER OF STATIONS (AVERAG 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 WORK IN PROGRESS WL LK WC SS ES CH WW SFA WWB ST T TYPE OF BREEDING SITE ARCADIA (Peloponnese): The main productive types of breeding sites of Anopheles in the periurban system are drainage channels STATIONS WITH ANOPHELES LARVAE STATIONS WITH WATER
Contents 1. Distribution of Anopheles spp. 2. Abundance of Anopheles spp. 3. Anopheles spp. in the rice fields 4. Some data on ethology 5. Typology of breeding sites 6. Conclusions
Main conclusions Historically Anopheles sacharovi has proved to be the main malaria vector in the Eastern Mediterranean Anopheles sacharovi is very common in Greece (45/106 sampling stations) Abundances of sacharovi are very high in areas with rice fields (x 56 in comparison to periurban regions) and comparatively high in wetlands (x 7 in comparison to periurban regions) 8/10 malaria foci in Greece (2011-2013) were near wetlands (not among the most productive ones in Anopheles); 1/10 foci was situated in the vicinity of rice fields (Ferres, Evros & Turkey); 1/10 foci was situated in a periurban/urban area in Attica The sacharovi adults captured in the periurban system correspond to 26,7% of the total of captured Anopheles spp. (data from 388 samples in 54 sampling stations in the periurban system). This practically means that 1 out of the 4 larvae found in the periurban system is likely to moult to sacharovi.
Outlook Besides the rice fields and the wetlands, the periurban system is quite productive in Anopheles larvae (25 data sets from 10 departments): 20,5% positive stations out of a total of 2.453 sampled stations 8,7 % positive samples out of a total of 41.415 samples The evaluation of 11 different types of breeding sites (small wetlands, water courses, draining channels, small flooded areas, spot sites, lakes, and even epuration stations, waste water bodies etc.) in different water basins with different ecological characteristics and variable and intensive human activities (concluded in 10/54 departments of Greece so far), helps us currently optimize our larviciding operations for Anopheles control The vulnerability of specific sites (which has to do with the presence of Plasmodium) is the critical factor for the local outbreaks of malaria; it is not the receptivity of the area (abundances of Anopheles sacharovi) If malaria were to become established in Greece, then the high Anopheles sacharovi abundances in rice fields and wetlands might constitute a very high risk factor