Promoting Patient Survival with Diabetes Survival Skills Need to know skills for persons with diabetes Susan Zontine, NP-C WMC Diabetes Stewardship team
May 18, 2015
Diabetes Chronic illness with serious short & long-term health consequences, often with a labor intensive complex treatment regimen
Persons with diabetes as of 2015, 9.4% of total US population 12.2% of total US adult population ( 1 were unaware ) 4 25% of persons over age of 65 (National Diabetes Statistic Report, 2017) Persons With Diabetes (PWD): hospitalized 3 times more often (Moghissi, 2016)
Enter: Certified Diabetes Educators or CDEs Requirements: Professional 1020 hours experience teaching diabetes self-management skills to PWD Board Certified with ongoing CME requirements Perform / provide : 1 hour intake with each patient to better assess needs 9 hours of small group classroom or individual education Medical nutrition therapy Regular ongoing DSME and support, per patient need Insulin adjustments and support Insulin pump training and education Etc
DSME: Diabetes Self-Management Education DSMS: Diabetes Self-Management Support Facilitates knowledge, skills, & motivation for self-care Patient-centered skills based empowerment Culturally sensitive, individualized Incorporate behavior strategies Addresses psychosocial issues
Number of Certified Diabetes Educators as of April 12, 2018 In the US : 19,584 49% Nurses 41% Dieticians 7% Pharmacists In Virginia : 476 At Valley Health in Winchester: 6 practicing CDEs
DSME & DSMS result in better blood glucose control better weight management improved quality of life healthier coping less ER visits and admissions lower health care costs (Rodriguez, 2016)
Sadly Less than 55 % of all PWD ever receive DSME Less than 7% receive DSME in the 1 st year of diagnosis (Magee, 2016)
modern advancements in the care of persons with diabetes ~ 1922 - Leonard Thompson ~ 1934 - Introduction of sliding scale (SS) ~ 1970 Experts identified higher risk for HYPO with SS only ~ 1997 Experts proved higher risk for HYPO with SS only ~ 2007/2008 ADA/AACE discourage use of SS only regimen ~ 11/09/2018 We start using the appropriate term CORRECTION
Like CPR / ACLS have to do it always a new twist
No You didn t sleep through the glycemic control lecture during your training Research has identified a new, safer strategy It s just seems complicated at first No vehicle for professionals to become familiar with it
per Joint Commission Nurse education in glycemic management & teaching diabetes self care survival skills should be a priority in the hospital setting. Nurses/clinicians: in prime position to educate patients to perform diabetes selfcare behaviors teachable moments, such as checking BG, calculating an insulin dose, administering insulin Trained professionals are more prepared to identify patients not at goal, look out for inappropriate orders, and facilitate insulin initiation & adjustment. Magee, 2016
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Objectives: Review & understand basic diabetes survival skills Develop a greater comfort level with fundamentals of carbohydrate counting, including which foods contain carbs & what constitutes a carb serving to be able to reinforce the basics with patients Identify strategies & resources for teaching patients essential Diabetes Survival Skills
Diabetes Survival Skills: the basics ( short-hand version of DSME/ DSMS ) 1. Understanding the diagnosis of diabetes 2. HYPO & HYPERglycemia: definition, signs/symptoms, treatment & prevention 3. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and home BG targets 4. Exercise 5. Sick day guidelines 6. Guidelines for when to call diabetes provider and when to go to ER 7. Meal planning: carb counting, portions, relationship between carbs & BG 8. Diabetes medications: purpose, timing, dose, delivery method, disposal 9. Plan for diabetes education and office follow up after discharge (Rodriguez, 2016)
1. Understanding the diagnosis of diabetes Glucose Main source of energy, or fuel Comes from 1. food (carbohydrates) 2. the body (virtual glucose factory) Insulin Helps cells use glucose Prevents fat and protein breakdown
1. Type 2 Diabetes Insulin doesn t work AS WELL (insulin resistance) & the body makes LESS of it SIGNIFICANT accumulation of glucose in the blood: HYPERglycemia 1. Extreme dehydration = fatigue 2. Damage to blood vessels = disease of heart, brain, kidneys, legs, eyes & nerves 3. Some muscle & fat loss (since fat & muscle used as back up fuel source)
1. Type 1 Diabetes the pancreas makes NO insulin COMPLETE accumulation of glucose in the blood: HYPERglycemia 1. Dehydration = fatigue 2. Damage to blood vessels = disease of heart, brain, kidneys, legs, eyes & nerves 3. Extreme muscle & fat loss (since fat & muscle used as back up fuel source) 4. Blood stream overloaded with acid (DKA) which leads to cardiac arrest, unless treated with INSULIN, the antidote.
1. DKA INSULIN is the ONLY TREATMENT that can PREVENT acid overload DKA ( more specifically, BASAL insulin ) Scenario: A person with T1D has HYPOglycemia (58 mg/dl) and it is time for the daily dose of Lantus 24 units (BASAL insulin) Treatment: 1. Hold Lantus? NO 2. Correct HYPO with 15 gm rapid-acting carb and give (reduced dose of) Lantus: YES NEVER EVER hold BASAL insulin for persons with T1D
1. Type 1 vs Type 2 T1D T2D Heritable / genetic Yes Yes Autoimmune Yes No Makes own insulin No Yes, but makes less & insulin less effective Insulin - dependent Yes Very likely within 10 years of diagnosis HYPERglycemia-triggered dehydration, vascular disease & worse fat/muscle loss DKA, if BASAL insulin is HELD or discontinued Yes: worse fat loss Yes Yes, but less severe fat/muscle loss, worse dehydration Rarely only some, related to acute stress or illness
2. HYPOglycemia: definition, signs/symptoms, & treatment Type 1 Diabetes & Type 2 Diabetes
Examples of Carb & No Carb Sources
2. HYPOglycemia PREVENTION Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
2. HYPERglycemia: definition, signs/symptoms & treatment Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
2. HYPERglycemia PREVENTION Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Prevent Hyperglycemia: Check BG 4 times per day, more if BG over 180 mg/dl, ill, or after extra carbs Take insulin as prescribed See provider every 3 months. Exercise regularly; take a brief walk after every meal Eat MORE whole grains, beans, veggies, and low carb fruits (cantaloupe, honeydew melon, kiwi, peaches and strawberries) Eat LESS simple carbs (soda, sweets, white bread, etc) Prevent Hyperglycemia: Check BG one four times per day, as instructed Check BG more often when BG is over 180 mg/dl, after eating extra carbs, or feeling ill Take diabetes medications, as prescribed Exercise regularly; take a brief walk after every meal See diabetes provider regularly, every 3 months Eat MORE whole grains, beans, veggies, and low carb fruits (cantaloupe, honeydew melon, kiwi, peaches and strawberries) Eat LESS simple carbs (soda, sweets, white bread, etc)
3. Blood glucose self - monitoring Type 2 Diabetes on no meds Fasting BG Q 2 3 weeks More often if sick Type 2 Diabetes on a Sulfonylurea Type 2 Diabetes on BASAL or 70/30 insulin Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes on multiple daily injections of INSULIN or the pump 1-4 times per week Daily Daily Non-fasting BG before lunch, dinner or bed Q 2-3 weeks More often if sick 1-4 times per week Once daily 3 times per day before each meal & bedtime AND as needed
3. Home BG targets: reduce microvascular complications GENERAL BG Goals (vary by age and illness) Hemoglobin A1C... less than 7.0% BG fasting or pre - meal 100 to 140 mg/dl BG 2 hours after meal. 180 mg/dl or less
3. Understanding A1C and Blood Glucose Values Normal Pre Diabetes Diabetes Hemoglobin A1C: < 5.6% 5.7% - 6.4% 6.5% or greater Fasting Blood Glucose: < 100 mg/dl 100-125 mg/dl > 125 mg/dl Pre-Lunch, Pre-Dinner < 100 mg/dl > 140 mg/dl > 200 mg/dl* or HS * with HYPER symptoms
4. Exercise Exercise decreases CV risk ( by 30% ) Inflammatory markers Blood pressure Physical activity 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week i.e. walk 10 min after meals Insulin resistance Triglycerides Exercise (ADA, 2018)
4. Exercise ( get active and stay active)
5. Sick Day Guidelines Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
6. When to call diabetes provider and when to go to the ER Type 1 Diabetes & Type 2 Diabetes
7. Carb counting, portions, & the relationship between carbs & BG Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes
7. Carbohydrate intake and glucose response Day 1: Glucose intake with insufficient insulin to move meal glucose into cells Day 2: Glucose intake with sufficient insulin to move meal glucose into cells
8. Diabetes medications: purpose, timing, dose, delivery method, disposal Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
9. Plan for diabetes education & office follow up, AFTER discharge Prompt follow up, ideally within 1 week OR a call to diabetes provider Prescription for medications and supplies Understand the diabetes treatment plan * Plan for DSME outpatient * An example of comprehensive diabetes discharge instructions
Ready to dig in?
Teaching Diabetes Survival Skills supports growth in diabetes self-care behaviors Interest: Comprehensive? Social/Economic Support? Focused? Review? Unable/unwilling? Place diabetes educator consult asap Patient issues: not a specific curriculum Individualize education: treatment, age, culture, cognition, language, literacy, dexterity, visual acuity Short sessions Teachable moments Encourage practicing of new skills (+ teach back method ) (Rodriguez, 2016) & (Funnell, 2007)
Patient Education Resources on the VH Diabetes Champion website & websites like ADA, Joslins Diabetes Center, TCOYD
Patient resources: Support for patients living with diabetes
Special thanks to Cathy Philpot, CDE with the WMC Diabetes Stewardship Program