Use of Soybean Products in Diets for Swine

Use of Soybean Products in Diets for Swine Hans H. Stein University of Illinois June, 2012 http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu

Composition of Soybeans and Soybean Meal

Soybeans and Soybean Meal Soybeans Moisture,% 10.0 Minerals,% 5.0 Fat, % 19.0 Protein, % 35.0 Sugar, o-sacch., % 16.0 Fiber and others, % 15.0 SBM, dehulled 10.0 6 1.5 47.5 18.5 16.5 SBM, not de-hulled 10.0 6 1.5 43.2 17.5 21.8 3

Amino Acids

Proteins are Peptides Di-peptide: Tri-peptide: Peptides are build from long or short chains of amino acids Poly-peptide: 5

Overall Concept in Protein Digestion Feed proteins consist of long chains of AA that are bound together by peptide bonds No absorption of protein only AA can be absorbed Peptide bonds need to be hydrolyzed to liberate AA Absorption of AA only in small intestine 6

Ileal Digestibility 7

End Products of Protein Digestion in Small Intestine Free Amino Acids 8

Differences Among Feed Ingredients 1. Differences among feed ingredients in AA concentration as % of CP 2. Differences among feed ingredients in digestibility of amino acids 9

Amino Acids in SBM, % 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 Non-Dehul Dehulled 1 0.5 0 Lys Met Thr Trp Ile Val

Protein Quality Item SBM, 48% Corn DDGS CP, % 47.5 8.3 27.5 Lys, % of CP 6.35 3.13 2.84 Met, % of CP 1.41 2.05 2.00 Thr, % of CP 3.89 3.49 3.85 Trp, % of CP 1.37 0.72 0.76 Ile, % of CP 4.55 3.37 3.67 Val, % of CP 4.78 4.70 4.91 H. H. Stein

Conc. of SID AA, g/kg Item SBM Corn DDGS CP, % 47.5 8.3 27.5 SID Lys, g/kg 27.2 2.0 5.5 SID Met, g/kg 6.1 1.5 5.7 SID Thr, g/kg 16.1 2.4 8.0 SID Trp, g/kg 5.9 0.5 1.4 SID Ile, g/kg 19.2 2.4 8.7 12

Ratio of AAs Amino acid Requirement, pig Concentration, SBM Methionine 30 22 Met + Cysteine 60 47 Tryptophan 18 21 Threonine 60 61 Isoleucine 56 71 Valine 68 75 13

Ileal AA Digestibility 14

Apparent Ileal Digestibility 3 g Lys 20 g Lys AID, Lys: (20-3)/20 x 100 = 85% H. H. Stein

Accuracy of Procedure AID in corn soybean meal diet 90 85 80 75 70 65 Exp 1 Exp 2 60 55 50 Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Thr Val Pedersen et al., 2005 H. H. Stein

AID in Corn-SBM-CM Diet 90 85 80 * * * * * * P < 0.05 75 Measured 70 Predicted 65 60 Lys Met Thr Ile Phe Val Stein et al., 2005 H. H. Stein

Standardized Ileal Digestibility 3 g Lys 1g basal end. Lys 2 g feed Lys + Spec. end Lys 20 g Lys SID: [20 (3-1)]/20 x 100 = 90% H. H. Stein

SID in Corn-SBM-CM diet 100 95 90 85 80 75 Measured Predicted 70 65 60 Lys Met Thr Ile Phe Val Stein et al., 2005 H. H. Stein

AA digestibility in SBM, % 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 Lys Met Thr Trp Ile Val Non-Dehul Dehulled

AA Digestibility (%) 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Lys Met Thr Trp SBM Canola DDGS 21

Alternative Protein Sources J. C. Gonzalez-Vega

Alternative protein sources Sunflower seeds Canola seeds Cottonseed meal Sunflower meal Canola meal Sunflower meal dehulled 23

Objective To determine SID of AA in canola-, cotton-, and sunflower-products and to compare these values to SID of AA in SBM when fed to finishing pigs. Canola seeds Cottonseed mealsunflower seedssoybean meal

SID of Lys, % P < 0.05 SEM = 3.3 25

Digestible Lys, g/kg 26

SID of Met, % P < 0.05 SEM = 1.9 27

Digestible Met, g/kg 28

SID of Trp, % P = 0.263 SEM = 2.0 29

SID of Thr, % P < 0.05 SEM = 2.7 30

Effect of Soybean Oil on Amino Acid Digestibility Dr. Cervantes-Pahm

Effect of Soybean Oil on SID of AA in SBM and SPC p e r c e n t 100 90 90.5 96.3 94.2 94.3 86.5 * P < 0.05 92.8 89.6 88.7 * * * * 80 Lys Met Thr Trp Without oil With oil 32

Heat Damage in Soybean Meal J. C. Gonzales-Vega

Maillard Reaction Lysine Shiff Bases Lys N H H Reactive Lys Lys N H Unreactive Lys Armadori Reduces Lys Digest. Melanoidins Reduces Lys conc. H. H. Stein

Heat Treatment of Soybean Meal Control Autoclaved SBM to 125 C for 15 min Autoclaved SBM to 125 C for 30 min Oven dried SBM to 125 C for 30 min L* 76.7 61.7 52.5 77.4 a* 3.4 10.0 12.5 2.85 Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2011

Effect of autoclaving time on AID & SID of Lys Linear effect P < 0.001 Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2011 36

Effect on Lys/CP Soybean meal Item Control Autoclaved for 15 min Autoclaved for 30 min Oven dried for 30 min CP, % 48.5 49.2 48.3 49.1 Lys 3.05 2.83 2.69 3.07 Lys/CP, % 6.29 5.75 5.57 6.25 Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2011 37

Conclusion on Heat Treatment Calculate Lys as % of crude protein in SBM If Lys is greater than 6.0% of crude protein, the meal is not damaged If Lys is less than 6.0% of crude protein, the meal is heat damaged H. H. Stein

Digestibility of P in SBM

Phosphorus in SBM Item SBM, Dehulled Total P 0.66% Phytate, % 1.51% Phytate P 0.43% Non-Phytate P 0.23% 40

Effect of Phytase on STTD of P in SBM 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 SBM -Phy +Phy Rojas and Stein, 2012

Energy in Soybean meal 42

ME of Dehulled SBM 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Average ME: 4,017 ± 194 kcal/kg DM H. H. Stein

DE and ME of SBM (kcal/kg DM) Item DE ME ME/DE, % Illinois, 2012 4,292 4,017 94 NRC, 1998 4,094 3,755 92 Difference 198 262 - H. H. Stein

New Soybean Products in Diets for Weanling Pigs

Soybeans and Soybean Meal Soybeans Moisture,% 10.0 Minerals,% 5.0 Fat, % 19.0 Protein, % 35.0 Sugar, o-sacch., % 16.0 Fiber and others, % 15.0 SBM, dehulled 10.0 6 1.5 47.5 18.5 16.5 SBM, not de-hulled 10.0 6 1.5 43.2 17.5 21.8 46

Sugar and Oligosaccharides Free sugars: 4.0% Sucrose: 8.0% Galacto-oligosaccharides: 6.5% Raffinose 1.2% Stachyose 5.0% Verbascose 0.3% 47

Effect of Stachyose Weanling pigs, 21 d post-weaning 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 a b c ADG, kg ADFI, kg Control 1% Stach. 2% Stach. Liying et al., 2003 48

Effect of Stachyose Weanling pigs, 21 d post-weaning 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 a b c F:G Diarrhea, % Control 1% Stach. 2% Stach. Liying et al., 2003 49

Soybeans with no Oligosaccharides Select soybeans with low concentration of oligosaccharides Remove genes for oligosaccharides Remove oligosaccharides after crushing When oligosaccharides are removed, the concentration of sugar and protein is usually increased. 50

Removal of Oligosaccharides via Fermentation or Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Fermentation of SBM

Development of Hamlet Protein Heat treated dehulled and defatted SBM Treatment with a proprietary blend of enzymes Drying Milling Enzyme inactivation Hamlet Protein Products

Amino acid digestibility of fermented and enzyme treated soybean meal Dr. Cervantes-Pahm

Sucrose and Oligosaccharides 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Conv. SBM HP 300 PepSoyGen 2 1 0 Sucrose Stachyose Raffinose Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010 55

Protein Concentration (%) 54 52 50 48 46 Conv. SBM HP 300 PepSoyGen 44 42 40 Protein Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010 56

AA Digestibility (%) Measured in weanling pigs (10-25 kg). 95 90 85 80 75 Conv. SBM HP 300 PepSoyGen 70 ab b a a b ab 65 Lys Met Thr Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010 57

Digestibility of Energy in enzyme treated SBM Kurtis Goebel 58

ME, kcal/kg DM 4000 3950 3900 3850 3800 3750 HP 200 HP 310 SBM Corn 3700 3650 ME Goebel and Stein, 2011

Digestibility of P, AA and Energy in Fermented SBM Oscar Rojas 60

Fermented SBM: STTD of P, % Source of SBM Phytase, P < 0.01 Rojas and Stein, 2012

% Digestibility of Lys, % 100 80 82.2 84.2 81.1 60 40 20 0 FSBM SBM-CV Fish meal P > 0.24 SBM Phytase, P < 0.01 Rojas and Stein, 2012

Digestibility of Met, % SBM Phytase, P < 0.01 Rojas and Stein, 2012

% Digestibility of Thr, % 100 80 83.4 79.6 79.0 60 40 20 0 FSBM SBM-CV Fish meal SBM Phytase, P > P 0.14 < 0.01 Rojas and Stein, 2012

Fermented SBM: DE and ME, DM basis P < 0.01 Rojas and Stein, 2012

Growth Performance Studies with PepSoyGen

Growth Performance Studies with PepSoyGen Oscar J. Rojas

Diets, Day 0-14 Pos. Cont. Neg. Cont. No Fish No whey All PSG Corn, % 51.75 58.65 48.0 64.25 60.15 Whey, % 15.0 0 15.0 0 0 SBM, % 20.5 33.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 Fish meal, % 8.0 0 0 8.0 0 PepSoyGen, % 0 0 9.0 2.5 11.5 Lys HCL, % 0.27 0.42 0.43 0.30 0.46 Rojas and Stein, 2009 68

Common phase 2 diet, d. 15-35 Item % Corn, % 63.33 SBM, % 29.0 Fish meal, % 0 PepSoyGen, % 0 Whey, % 0 Lys HCL, % 0.36 Rojas and Stein, 2009 69

Average Daily Gain 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 PC NC No fish No whey All PSG 0 Day 0-14 Day 15-35 Day 0-35 Rojas and Stein, 2009 70

Feed:Gain 1.6 1.55 1.5 PC 1.45 NC 1.4 1.35 1.3 a b c a b c a c No fish No whey All PSG 1.25 Day 0-14 Day 15-35 Day 0-35 Rojas and Stein, 2009 71

Exp. 2, Performance a b b b b

Conclusions

Conclusions Soybean meal is the premier source of amino acids in diets fed to swine Favorable amino acid composition relative to requirement of pigs High concentration of digestible amino acids in soybean meal Soybean meal can furnish all additional AA in diets fed to pigs above 20 kg 74

Conclusions, continued Soybean meal also contains Ca and P Digestibility of P much greater than previously determined May be increased in phytase is included in the diet The concentration of DE and ME in soybean meal is greater than in corn The energy value of soybean meal greater than book values 75

Conclusions, cont. Fermented or Enzyme treated Soybean meal may be used in diets for weanling pigs Do not contain oligosaccharides May replace fish meal or other animal protein sources Many new products coming to the market 76

Thank you for your attention http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu H. H. Stein