Gone to the store yet? Market Survey Assignment due MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29th IN LECTURE 1
Dr. Rosamond Naylor, Prof. En. Sci. & Dir. Program on Food Security & the Environment., Stanford University 2
Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. 2000. RL Naylor, RJ Goldburg, JH Primavera, N Kautsky, MCM Beveridge, J Clay, C Folke, J Lubchenco, H Mooney & M Troell Nature 405:1017-1024. Aquaculture's potential contribution to fish supplies is severely diminished 3
Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. 2009 RL Naylor, RW. Hardy,, DP Bureau, A Chiu, M Elliott, AP Farrell, I Forster, DM Gatlin,, RJ Goldburg,, K Hua,, & PD Nichols. PNAS 106:15103-15110. 15110. [by the year 2015] a consensus that aquaculture is aiding the ocean, not depleting it. 4
Lots of Fish in the Sea 5
Fish Marine versus Freshwater Fished Farmed Marine 67,000,000 3,000,000 Freshwater 9,000,000 29,000,000 6
Marine Fish AQUACULTURE BOTTLENECK = LARVICULTURE e.g. Trout fry = 15 20 mm long Marine fish larvae = 2 4 mm Require HUFA in the diet 7
Rotifer Brachionus sp. (s-strain) strain) 120 μ Euryhaline Parthenogenetic Tolerant of high densities Slow swimmers 8
Fatty acids 9
Unsaturated fatty acids Oleic acid 18:1 n-6 Linoleic acid = EFA 18:2 n-6 Linolenic acid = EFA 18:3 n-3 FA destaturase ω - end 10
Essential fatty acids HUFA s 11
Enrichment Supplements, generally rich in essential fatty acids, are often used to enhance the nutritional value of zooplankton. Of particular importance are unique highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs( HUFAs) ) with the omega-3 3 configuration. Typically, the brine shrimp nauplii and rotifers are allowed to feed for 12 hours or until the guts are full; then they are feed to the target aquaculture species. 12
The enrichment process can also be used to deliver other nutrients, antibiotics, etc. 13
Selco Products Self Emulsified Lipid Concentrate (SELCO) was developed by Artemia Systems in Belgium and has been the benchmark enrichment formula to the aquaculture industry. This Artemia or rotifer enrichment formula is rich in Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFA's)) and is super concentrated. Just 10 drops per liter or quart of water is sufficient for enriching thousands of Artemia nauplii and adults as well as rotifers. 14
Flatfish Culture 15
Development of California Halibut Paralichthys californicus Culture 16
http://wwwflag.wr.usgs.gov/usgsflag/data/maps/california.gif 17
CALIFORNIA HALIBUT HATCHERY PROJECT (Redondo Beach, CA) Two brood-stock tanks and one acclimatization tank 37 m3 tank = 4 plus 8 150 m3 tank = 5 plus 10 Average eggs/year ~40 x 106 Average egg viability = 50% Natural spawning; March-July 18
California halibut eggs ~ 0.7 mm Hatch ~ 3 days after fertilization Neutrally buoyant 19
Recirculation conical tank Jun 01 Jul 01 trials trials Static trough; semi-green water Jun 02 trials Jul 03 trials Arrival age (days) Total larvae 3 or 4 2 0 0 18 K 12 K 14 K 16 K Weaning age (days) Total juveniles 100 150 75 45 123 444 1850 9600 20
California halibut larviculture Algae - Nannochloropsis micropellet 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 days 21
Larval development 22
Pre-metamorphic larvae eating brine shrimp Metamorphosed larvae weaned to prepared food 23
JUVENILE HALIBUT 24
System volume: 3.5 m3 Max flow rate 60 l/min Make up ~ 1 to 5%/day Raceways Submerged Biofilter unit Conical tanks Constant Head tank Coarse Filter 50 to 250 m Aeration Cart. Filter 20 m UV Chiller Reservoir 25
Raceways with screened standpipes (200 m, 1,and 3 mm) Water flows based on stage development (1, 3, and 6 l/min) 26
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF AN INTEGRATED PILOT PLANT SYSTEM HIGH FISH DENSITY LOW PROTEIN FEED LOW ENERGY INPUT MINIMAL WATER EX. 27
Growout Temp = 18 to 23 oc Salinity = 28 to 32 g/l TAN =.03 to.36 mg/l Dissolved O2 > 5 mg/l Mortality < 2%/month 28
Growth/Sex Ratio Growth rate declined as fish reached ~ 300 grams All males Micro-habitat 29
Sexually Dimorphic Growth Females attain 200300% larger size than males Southern flounder 1000 onset of sexual maturity (about 1 year) Optimal grow out would eliminate slowergrowing males and focus on all-females Mean wt. (g) Dimorphism appears at Female 800 600 Male 400 200 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Months (post stocking) 30
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination 50 % Female 40 30 ** 20 10 *** Sex determination occurs from 45-65 mm TL 0 18 23 28 Water Temperature (ºC) Luckenbach et al. 2003 31
Commercialization pellet rotifer nauplii Paralichthys californicus?? 32
Flatfish Production 33