Biology of fish larvae and fry gut and enzyme development
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1 Biology of fish larvae and fry gut and enzyme development
2 Functions of the gut and intestine Digestion and absorption of nutrients Excretion of waste material-digesta, metabolites & toxins (entero-hepatic route) Osmoregulation-water and electrolyte balance (Ca, P, Na, k & Mg balance) Possible endocrine role (gastrin) Barrier to infection-anti-microbial & gut mediated immunological function Vitamin synthesis e.g. B12 & PABA
3 Fish internal anatomy Gastrointestinal tract is a system integral to whole animal function and homeostasis involving complex humoral and neurological mechanisms
4 Significance of larval fish gastrointestinal development in aquaculture Ingestion of food induces stomach development- enzyme secretion and establishment of commensal bacterial population Critical phase in fish development and establishment of innate and specific gut immunity
5 Diversity in gut form and morphology is evident in fish Development of intestine relates to trophic level: Presence of stomach, pyloric caecae & intestinal length varies significantly between carnivores, ominivores, herbivores & detritivores
6 The living tunnel
7 Nutrient absorption is complex and varied in fish
8 Peptide & amino acid absorption mechanisms
9 The gut mucosal epithelium: So much more than just absorption! Andy Foey (2008) FAE: Follicle Associated Epithelium Blood capillaries Lacteal/lymphatics M cell B cell DC Macrophage CD4 + Treg CD4 + Thp CD4 + Th 1 CD4 + Th 2 CD4 + Th 17 CD8 + Tc siga Commensal Pathogen Defensin Figure adapted from: Brenchley & Douek, Mucosal Immunology 1(1): IMMUNE FATE: CD4 + Treg CD4 + Th 1 CD4 + Th 2 CD4 + Th 17 Tolerance! CMI : Intracellular pathogens Inflammation Humoral : Extracellular pathogens Ab-mediated pathology / allergy CMI : fungal protection Inflammation (Th1 pathologies?)
10 The effect of diet on intestinal morphology Control, no soybean meal 35% ESE- Soybean meal Normal villi of distal intestine. Abundance of apical vacules in muccosal epithielium
11 The effect of diet on intestinal morphology, 35% soybean meal Fusion of intestinal villi, and inflammation Necrosis and ulceration of mucosal epithelium. severe leucocytic inflammation of lamina propria and central stroma
12 Enzyme development in sea bass { trypsin { aminopeptidase phosphatase chymotrypsin esterase amylase lipase days post-hatch First feeding Hatching Commence Co feeding PEPSINE Metamorphosis Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
13 Ontogenetic development of the digestive tract of cyprinid fish (Dabrowski, 1984)
14 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: length differentiation enzymes: quantity - quality highly digestible feed protein quality (max. digestibility) oligopeptides lipid digestibility enhancers exogenous enzymes
15 Start Feeding Live feed
16 Larvae mouth size in relation to prey size SIZE: small mouth opening Food particle size small First feeding ~80-200µm => Narrow size distribution Rotifer Artemia
17 Feeding & nutrition during early larval stages Perceptibility (visual, chemo-, mechanoreception) Good contrast in water Triggering movement Distribution /encounter Buoyancy Water movement Prey catching Attractants
18 Algae (green water)
19 Algal Production Algal production costs per m3 ( corrected for equivalent cell densities) Sack culture 35.2 Bioreactor systems 8.6 Commercial pastes 30 to 283
20 Algal growth curve
21 1 litre to 20 litre cultures
22 Indoor bag cultures
23 High density culture systems
24 Role of algae in the green water larval rearing technique An anti-bacterial agent In situ biological filter and producer of oxygen Light filter Promoter in the location of prey organisms Stimulation of enzymatic synthesis and onset of feeding in young larvae
25
26 Difference between green and clear water culture techniques
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