Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ABI. See Ankle-brachial index (ABI). Afterload, deconstructing of, in ventricular vascular interaction in heart failure, 449 Air plethysmography (APG), in PAD, 321 323 Aneurysm(s), of lower extremities, CTA of, 337 Angiogenic growth factors, in intermittent claudication management, 374 Angiography ASL, in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 balanced steady state free precession, in vascular disease diagnosis, 342 carotid, noncontrast MRA in, 344 345 CT, in PAD, 325 digital subtraction, in PAD, 325 ECG-gated 3D partial-fourier fast spin-echo, in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 invasive, in upper extremity arterial occlusive disease diagnosis, 354 magnetic resonance. See Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). phase-contrast, in vascular disease diagnosis, 342 renal, noncontrast MRA in, 346 347 thoracic, noncontrast MRA in, 345 346 3D-variable flip-angle FSE, in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 344 TOF, in vascular disease diagnosis, 341 342 Angioplasty for chronic CLI, principles of, 397 subintimal, in infrainguinal disease, 407 408 Ankle-brachial index (ABI), in PAD, 321 Antiplatelet therapy, PAD due to, 371 373 Aortoiliac disease, endovascular treatment for, advances in, 381 383 stent technology related, 381 382 Aortoiliac occlusions, treatment of, advances in, 382 383 APG. See Air plethysmography (APG). Arterial spin-labelling (ASL) angiography, in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 Artifact(s), of lower extremities, CTA of, 338 339 ASL angiography. See Arterial spin-labelling (ASL) angiography. Atherectomy excisional and rotational, in superficial femoral artery disease management, 390 for chronic CLI, 398 400 Cardiol Clin 29 (2011) 479 483 doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(11)00060-9 0733-8651/11/$ see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Atherosclerotic proximal upper extremity arterial stenosis, treatment of, 354 355 B Balanced steady state free precession angiography, in vascular disease diagnosis, 342 Balloon(s) cutting, in superficial femoral artery disease drug-coated, in superficial femoral artery disease Balloon angioplasty based approaches, to superficial femoral artery disease, 356 357 cryoplasty, 387 cutting balloons, 387 drug-coated balloons, 386 387 Beam pitch, CTA, 333 Bioabsorbable stents, in superficial femoral artery disease management, 388 389 Biological therapies, for CLI, update on, 411 417 gene therapy, 413 414 stem cell therapy, 414 416 Black-blood noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRA), in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 344 Bright-blood noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRA), in vascular disease diagnosis, 341 343. See also Noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), in vascular disease diagnosis, bright-blood MRA. Buerger disease, of lower extremities, CTA of, 335 336 C Carotid angiography, noncontrast MRA in, 344 345 Catheter(s). See specific types. Chronic total occlusions (CTOs), management of, 400 407 crossing devices in, 403 407 CROSSER catheter, 403 404 FRONTRUNNER XP CTO catheter, 404 406 Wildcat catheter, 406 407 technique, 400 402 Cilostazol, in intermittent claudication management, 374 cardiology.theclinics.com
480 Index Claudication, intermittent, medical management of, 363 379. See also Intermittent claudication, medical management of. CLI. See Critical limb ischemia (CLI). Common femoral artery disease, management of, 390 392 Complementary therapies, in intermittent claudication management, 375 Computed tomography angiography (CTA) beam pitch in, 333 for lower-extremity imaging clinical applications, 334 339 aneurysms, 337 artifacts, 338 339 Buerger disease, 335 336 endovascular graft evaluation, 337 338 PAD, 334 335 stent evaluation, 337 338 vasculitis, 335 336 pitfalls related to, 338 339 in PAD, 325 advances in, 331 340 technological, 331 333 approach to lower-extremity imaging, 333 334 general acquisition protocol for, 333 334 image postprocessing, 334 image reconstruction at scanner console, 334 radiation dose reduction techniques relevant to, 333 scanner for, modes of, 332 333 Computer tomography (CT), scanner for attenuation data from, for image reconstruction, 332 components of, 331 332 Continuous wave Doppler, in PAD, 320 321 Covered stents, Nitinol stent grafts and, in superficial Critical limb ischemia (CLI) chronic diagnostic approach to, 396 397 management of angioplasty/stenting in, principles of, 397 aortoiliac intervention in, 397 398 atherectomy in, 398 400 CTOs, 403 407. See also Chronic total occlusions (CTOs), management of. devices in OUTBACK LTD re-entry catheter, 407 Pioneer catheter, 407 true lumen reentry devices, 407 drug-eluting stents in infrainguinal disease, 408 femoropopliteal intervention in, 398 goals of, 395 396 hybrid revascularization in, 408 infrageniculate intervention in, 398 percutaneous, 395 410. See also Critical limb ischemia (CLI), chronic, management of. perspective on, 408 409 subintimal angioplasty in infrainguinal disease, 407 408 risk factors for, medical management of, 396 clinical trials for design of, 412 future considerations in, 416 efficacy end points in, 412 obstacles related to, 412 patient population for, 412 results of, 413 416 gene therapy related, 413 414 stem cell therapy related, 414 416 defined, 412 described, 395, 411 412 management of, biological therapies for, update on, 411 417. See also Biological therapies, for CLI, update on. patient population with, 412 CROSSER catheter in aortoiliac occlusion management, 382 in CTO management, 403 404 Cryoplasty, in superficial femoral artery disease CTA. See Computed tomography angiography (CTA). CTOs. See Chronic total occlusions (CTOs). Cutting balloons, in superficial femoral artery disease D Debulking, in superficial femoral artery disease Diabetes mellitus, PAD due to, 367 Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), in PAD, 325 Drug(s), in intermittent claudication management, 374 Drug-coated balloons, in superficial femoral artery disease Drug-eluting stents in infrainguinal disease, 408 in superficial femoral artery disease management, 388 DSA. See Digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Duplex ultrasonography, in PAD, 323 324 E ECG. See Electrocardiography (ECG). Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire, 320 Electrocardiography (ECG)-gated 3D partial-fourier fast spin-echo angiography, in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 Endovascular grafts, of lower extremities, evaluation of, CTA in, 337 338
Index 481 Endovascular therapy, for aortoiliac disease, advances in, 381 383 Excimer laser, in superficial femoral artery disease Excisional and rotational atherectomy, in superficial femoral artery disease management, 390 Exercise central cardiac response to, 463 465 heart rate response to, 465 466 Exercise intolerance, 461 477 importance of, 461 462 improving of, interventions for, 469 472 pathophysiology of, 462 469 central and peripheral vascular contributions in, 466 468 central cardiac response to exercise in, 463 465 heart rate response to exercise in, 465 466 symptoms of, causes of, 468 469 Exercise programs, in intermittent claudication management, 373 Exercise reserve, ventricular arterial stiffening and, in heart failure, 455 456 Exercise treadmill based endpoints, in PAD clinical trials, 420 424 alternate surrogate endpoints, 423 424 measures to mitigate variability in baseline performance, 422 423 mechanisms of improvement in placebo arm, 420 422 optimizing drug development with surrogates, 424 F Femoral artery disease common, management of, 390 392 iliofemoral, percutaneous management of, advances in, 381 394 superficial, percutaneous management of, advances in, 381 394 Flow-based indices, in PAD clinical trials, 425 427 FRONTRUNNER XP CTO catheter in aortoiliac occlusion management, 382 in CTO management, 404 406 G Gadolinium, for MRA, NSF and, 344 Gene therapy, for CLI, clinical trials of, results of, 413 414 H Heart failure ventricular vascular interaction in, 447 459 deconstructing afterload, 449 described, 447 448 ventricular arterial coupling, 448 449 ventricular arterial stiffening, 449 450 exercise reserve and, 455 456 management of, therapeutic strategies in, 456 457 pathophysiology of, 452 455 ventricular vascular stiffening, mechanisms of, 450 452 with preserved ejection fraction, ventricular arterial stiffening in, 449 450 with renal artery ischemia, management of, 433 445. See also Renal artery ischemia, heart failure with, management of. Heart rate, response to exercise, 465 466 Hybrid revascularization, in chronic CLI management, 408 Hydrospectral imaging, in PAD, 325 326 Hyperlipidemia, PAD due to, 370 371 Hypertension, PAD due to, 367, 370 I Iliofemoral femoral artery disease, percutaneous management of, advances in, 381 394 Infrainguinal disease drug-eluting stents in, 408 subintimal angioplasty in, 407 408 Intermittent claudication, medical management of, 363 379. See also Peripheral arterial disease (PAD). angiogenic growth factors in, 374 complementary therapies in, 375 exercise programs in, 373 pharmacologic, 374 second-line agents in, 374 Intravascular ultrasonography, in PAD, 325 Ischemia(s) critical limb, chronic, 395 410. See also Critical limb ischemia (CLI), chronic. renal artery, heart failure with, management of, 433 445. See also Renal artery ischemia, heart failure with, management of. L Laser(s), excimer, in superficial femoral artery disease Lower extremities, imaging of CTA approach to, 333 334 noncontrast MRA in, 347 348 M Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) gadolinium use for, NSF and, 344 in PAD, 323, 325
482 Index Magnetic (continued) noncontrast, in vascular disease diagnosis, 341 350. See also Noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), in vascular disease diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based indices, in PAD clinical trials, 425 Metabolic indices, in PAD clinical trials, 427 428 MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). N Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), gadolinium use for MRA and, 344 Nitinol self-expanding stents, in superficial femoral artery disease 388 Nitinol stent grafts, covered stents and, in superficial Noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) applications of, 344 348 carotid angiography, 344 345 lower-extremity angiography, 347 348 renal angiography, 346 347 thoracic angiography, 345 346 in vascular disease diagnosis, 341 350 black-blood MRA, 343 344 3D-variable flip-angle FSE angiography, 343 344 bright-blood MRA, 341 343 ASL angiography, 343 balanced steady state free precession angiography, 342 ECG-gated 3D partial-fourier fast spin-echo angiography, 343 phase-contrast angiography, 342 TOF angiography, 341 342 NSF. See Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). O OUTBACK LTD re-entry catheter, in CTO management, 407 MRI-based indices, 425 PET based indices of flow, 428 429 exercise treadmill based endpoints, 420 424. See also Exercise treadmill based endpoints, in PAD clinical trials. perspectives on, 419 431 risk assessment in, 429 described, 319 320, 363, 419 420 diagnostic approach to, 319 329, 364 365 ABI in, 321 continuous wave Doppler in, 320 321 CTA in, 325, 331 340. See also Computed tomography angiography (CTA), in PAD. DSA in, 325 duplex ultrasonography in, 323 324 hydrospectral imaging in, 325 326 intravascular ultrasonography in, 325 MRA in, 323, 325 PET in, 325 pulse volume recording in, 321 323 epidemiology of, 363 364 of lower extremities, CTA of, 334 335 risk factors for, 364, 366 373 antiplatelet therapy, 371 373 diabetes mellitus, 367 emerging, 373 hyperlipidemia, 370 371 hypertension, 367, 370 management of, 366 373 smoking, 366 367 treatment of, overall approach to, 365 366 PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET). Phase-contrast angiography, in vascular disease diagnosis, 342 Pioneer catheter, in CTO management, 407 Plaque removal, in superficial femoral artery disease Plethysmography, air, in PAD, 321 323 Positron emission tomography (PET), in PAD, 325 Positron emission tomography (PET) based indices of flow, in PAD clinical trials, 428 429 Pulse volume recording, in PAD, 321 323 P PAD. See Peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty, for upper extremity arterial occlusive disease, 357, 359 Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) clinical presentation of, 363 364 clinical trials for optimizing design and endpoints of emerging imaging-based surrogates, 424 429 flow-based indices, 425 427 metabolic indices, 427 428 R RAAS. See Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Reentry devices in aortoiliac occlusion management, 382 383 true lumen, in CTO management, 407 Renal angiography, noncontrast MRA in, 346 347 Renal artery ischemia, heart failure with described, 433 437 imaging of, 437 439 management of, 433 445 described, 441 443 RAAS in, 439 441
Index 483 screening criteria for, 441 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), in renal artery ischemia with heart failure, 439 441 Rose Angina and Claudication Questionnaire, 320 Rotational atherectomy, in superficial femoral artery disease management, 390 S Smoking cessation, in PAD management, 366 367 Stem cell therapy, for CLI, clinical trials of, results of, 414 416 Stent(s) bioabsorbable, in superficial femoral artery disease management, 388 389 covered, Nitinol stent grafts and, in superficial drug-eluting in infrainguinal disease management, 408 in superficial femoral artery disease management, 388 for chronic CLI, principles of, 397 in superficial femoral artery disease management, advances in, 387 389 nitinol self-expanding, in superficial femoral artery disease 388 of lower extremities, evaluation of, CTA in, 337 338 percutaneous, in upper extremity arterial occlusive disease management, 359 Subintimal angioplasty, in infrainguinal disease, 407 408 Superficial femoral artery disease endovascular treatment for, advances in, 383 390 balloon angioplasty based approaches, 356 357 described, 383 386 plaque removal or debulking, 389 390 stents, 387 389 percutaneous management of, advances in, 381 394 T Thoracic angiography, noncontrast MRA in, 345 346 3D-variable flip-angle FSE angiography, in vascular disease diagnosis, 343 344 Thrombectomy/fibrinolysis, for upper extremity arterial occlusive disease, 359 Time-of-flight (TOF) angiography, in vascular disease diagnosis, 341 342 TOF angiography. See Time-of-flight (TOF) angiography. True lumen reentry devices, in CTO management, 407 U Ultrasonography continuous wave Doppler, in PAD, 320 321 duplex, in PAD, 323 324 intravascular, in PAD, 325 Upper extremity arterial occlusive disease described, 351 diagnosis of, 351 354 invasive angiography in, 354 noninvasive testing in, 353 354 patient history in, 351 352 physical examination in, 352 pathophysiology of, 351 risk factors for, 351 treatment of, 354 355 invasive, indications for, 354 percutaneous therapy in access site for, 355 advances in, 351 361 complications of, 359 360 equipment for, 357 percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty, 357, 359 periprocedural pharmacotherapy, 356 357 stenting, 359 thrombectomy/fibrinolysis, 359 surgical, 355 V Vascular disease(s), diagnosis of, noncontrast MRA in, 341 350. See also Noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), in vascular disease diagnosis. Vasculitis, of lower extremities, CTA of, 335 336 Ventricular arterial coupling, in heart failure, 448 449 Ventricular arterial stiffening, in heart failure exercise reserve and, 455 456 pathophysiology of, 452 455 diastolic effects, 453 455 systolic effects, 452 453 vascular effects, 455 with preserved ejection fraction, 449 450 Ventricular vascular interaction, in heart failure, 447 459. See also Heart failure, ventricular vascular interaction in. Ventricular vascular stiffening, in heart failure, mechanisms of, 450 452 W Wildcat catheter, in CTO management, 406 407