THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS

THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS John F. Ptience nd Doug Gillis SUMMARY The mjor restriction to the expnded use of cnol mel in swine diets is its low level of energy digestiility. There re mny pproches tht one might tke to ddress this prolem, ut in this experiment, mechnicl dehulling ws considered s one possile lterntive. This experiment ws conducted to evlute the performnce of growing nd finishing pigs using dehulled cnol mel to replce t lest hlf of the soyen mel in their diet. In this two-phse experiment (growing phse, 24-56 kg; finishing phse, 71-100 kg), the diets were formulted to contin 15% (growing phse) or 10% (finishing phse) dehulled cnol mel. In ll cses, the diets were formulted to e of theoreticl equl vlue to cnol mel nd soyen mel controls, t lest in terms of digestile energy, digestile essentil mino cids nd mcro minerls. During the growing phse, growth rte, verged 0.82 kg/dy nd feed conversion verged 2.33:1 cross ll tretments. During the finishing phse, growth rte verged 0.97 kg/dy nd feed conversion verged 3.01:1. Crcss index verged 109.4. None of the production prmeters were ffected y diet. It ws concluded tht sustntil quntities of dehulled cnol mel could e successfully used in swine diets, provided the diets were crefully formulted ccording to digestile energy nd digestile mino cid composition. Ultimtely, the success of dehulled cnol mel will e determined y consistency of supply nd price, oth of which re closely linked to the prcticlity of the dehulling process. INTRODUCTION Cnol hs chieved enormous success in Cndin griculture, now rnking s the numer 2 griculturl export. However, cnol mel hs not yet chieved the stture of soyen mel in swine diets, due in lrge prt to its reltively low concentrtion of digestile energy. Its low energy content is relted in lrge prt to the presence of the hull which constitutes out 16% of the seed nd out 25% of the mel; the hull frction hs very low digestiility. Dehulling is one option ville to improve the digestiility of energy in cnol mel. Indeed, most of the soyen mel used in Cnd hs een dehulled, nd the primry reson is to enhnce its nutritive vlue. However, dehulling soyen mel is much esier thn dehulling cnol seed, in prt due to the size of the kernel. Therefore, while dehulling of cnol seed hs een considered for more thn decde, it hs not yet chieved commercil prctice. Reserch ws requested y the cnol industry to determine if newer pproches to dehulling could overcome this issue nd provide n opportunity to increse cnol mel utiliztion in swine. Therefore, the ojective of this study ws to determine the performnce of pigs fed dehulled cnol mel s replcement for soyen mel, when the diets re formulted to e equl in estimted nutrient composition. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES This experiment consisted of two phses, the first, to evlute pigs in the growing phse nd the second to evlute pigs in the finishing phse. Four experimentl diets were used for the study with growing pigs (Tle 1) nd four different diets were used for the study with finishing pigs (Tle 2). In ech instnce, the control diet contined soyen mel s the sole protein supplement. In the second test diet, cnol mel ws used to replce 95% of the soyen mel (growing phse) or 50% of the soyen mel (finishing phse). Dehulled cnol mel ws incorported into the finl two test diets t the rte of 15% (growing phse) or 10% (finishing phse). The second dehulled cnol mel diet contined supplementl energy (100 kcl/kg) nd mino cids, to determine if energy nd(or) mino cids were possily limiting niml performnce. The first three diets were formulted to contin equl quntities of digestile energy, digestile mino cids nd mcrominerls. 35

There were two locks of mles nd three locks of femles in the ech of the growing nd finishing phses. In the growing phse, ech weight lock strted on test when the lock verge weight ws 25 Ò 3 kg; pigs were then weighed iweekly until the pen verge weight ws 60 kg t which time the pen ws removed from the experiment. In the finishing phse, ech weight lock strted on test when the lock verge weight ws 70 Ò 3 kg; pigs were then weighed iweekly until the heviest pen within the lock reched minimum verge weight of 105 kg, t which time the lock ws considered to e off test for the performnce portion of the study. However, the pigs remined on the experimentl diets until they were mrketed t ody weight of pproximtely 106 kg. The dehulled cnol mel ws nlyzed y Dr. Sndy McCurdy, POS Pilot Plnt, Ssktoon for phytte, sinpine nd glucosinolte content (Tle 3). Similrly, there ws no effect of dietry tretment on crcss trits, such s lenness, ftness or predicted yield (Tle 5). Bsed on overll index, nimls on ll tretments produced high qulity crcsses. Ft thickness verged 20.2 mm, yield verged 59.8% nd index verged 109.4 cross ll tretments. IMPLICATIONS On the sis of this experiment, it ppers tht dehulled cnol mel offers some potentil to enhnce the nutritionl vlue of cnol mel. Excellent performnce cn e chieved with this product. However, certin ntinutritionl fctors, such s sinpine nd glucosinoltes, pper to concentrte in the low fire frction, so cre must e tken to minimize this effect if the dehulled product is to e successfully used y the pig industry. Ultimtely, the success of dehulled cnol mel will e determined y consistency of supply nd price, oth of which re closely linked to the prcticlity of the dehulling process. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pigs responded very well to the dehulled cnol mel, with no reduction in verge dily gin, verge dily feed or feed efficiency during the finishing period (P > 0.05) nd only trend (P < 0.10) towrds reduced verge dily gin in the growing period (Tle 4). Acknowledgements Funding for this project ws provided y the Cnol Council of Cnd, under its Cnol Utiliztion Assistnce Progrm. It is lso interesting to note tht pigs fed the diet sed on cnol mel grew t the sme rte s those pigs fed the soyen mel control. Feed conversion ws somewht poorer thn on the soyen mel diet, suggesting tht the energy content of the cnol mel hd een overestimted. In ny cse, it demonstrted once gin tht cnol mel cn e used in totl replcement of soyen mel, when the diets re properly formulted. There ws no suggestion tht energy or protein qulity hd een underestimted in the dehulled cnol mel, s the performnce on the two diets sed on the dehulled cnol mel were similr, whether DE ws oosted or not. 36

Tle 1. Formultion of diets offered in the performnce tril with growing pigs Ingredient Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Brley 57.35 44.68 57.33 52.21 Whet 22.60 22.60 22.60 22.60 Soyen mel - 47% 15.54 0.85 0.85 4.55 Cnol mel - 26.93 - - Dehulled cnol mel - - 15.00 15.00 L-lysine HCl - - 0.14 0.14 DL-methionine - - 0.04 0.08 L-threonine 0.03-0.06 0.09 Mono - diclcium phosphte 1.15 0.45 0.45 0.43 Limestone 1.04 1.07 1.21 1.20 Slt 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.43 PSCI vitmin premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 PSCI minerl premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Cnol oil 0.88 1.99 0.88 2.28 Nutrients, clculted DE, Kcl/kg 3,200 3,200 3,200 3,300 Protein, % 16.54 18.34 15.44 16.73 Lysine, % 0.81 0.87 0.82 0.91 dlysine, % 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.73 dt.s.a.a., % 0.48 0.65 0.45 0.52 dthreonine, % 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.52 dtryptophn, % 0.16 0.16 - - dtsaa:dlys 0.76 1.00 0.70 0.52 dthr:dlys 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.72 dtrp:dlys 0.26 0.24 - - Clcium, % 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 Phosphorus, % 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 Sodium, % 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 Chloride 0.34 0.33 0.35 0.34 Provided per kg of diet: Vitmin A, 8,250 IU; Vitmin D3, 825 IU; Vitmin E, 40 IU; mendione, 4 mg; thimine, 1 mg; rioflvin, 5 mg; nicin, 35 mg; d-pnthothenic cid, 15 mg; Vitmin B12, 25 µg; d-iotin, 200 µg; folic cid, 2 mg. Provided per kg of diet: copper, 50 mg; iron, 80 mg; mngnese, 25 mg; zinc, 100 mg; iodine, 0.5 mg; selenium, 100 µg. 37

Tle 2. Formultion of diets offered in the performnce tril with finishing pigs Ingredient Diet 13 Diet 14 Diet 15 Diet 16 Brley 53.58 47.68 51.43 49.53 Whet 22.60 22.60 22.60 22.60 Soyen mel - 47% 18.89 9.42 11.45 11.45 Cnol mel - 15.00 - - Dehulled cnol mel - - 10.00 10.00 L-lysine HCl - - - 0.12 DL-methionine - - - 0.09 L-threonine 0.04-0.02 0.10 Mono - diclcium phosphte 1.61 1.24 1.11 1.15 Limestone 1.05 1.07 1.17 1.16 Slt 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 PSCI minerl premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 PSCI vitmin premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Cnol oil 0.81 1.55 0.80 2.39 Nutrients, clculted DE, Kcl/kg 3,200 3,200 3,200 3,300 Protein, % 17.7 18.24 17.76 17.82 Lysine, % 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.99 dlysine, % 0.72 0.69 0.71 0.80 dt.s.a.a., % 0.51 0.59 0.48 0.70 dthreonine, % 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.56 dtryptophn, % 0.18 0.48 - - dtsaa:dlys 0.71 0.86 0.68 0.70 dthr:dlys 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.70 dtrp:dlys 0.25 0.24 - - Clcium, % 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 Phosphorus, % 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 Sodium, % 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 Chloride 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.33 Provided per kg of diet: Vitmin A, 8,250 IU; Vitmin D3, 825 IU; Vitmin E, 40 IU; mendione, 4 mg; thimine, 1 mg; rioflvin, 5 mg; nicin, 35 mg; d-pnthothenic cid, 15 mg; Vitmin B12, 25 µg; d-iotin, 200 µg; folic cid, 2 mg. Provided per kg of diet: copper, 50 mg; iron, 80 mg; mngnese, 25 mg; zinc, 100 mg; iodine, 0.5 mg; selenium, 100 µg. Tle 3. Phytte, sinpine nd glucosinolte content of cnol mel nd mel frctions with vrious fier contents (POS pilot) Frction Yield, % Phytte, % Sinpine, % Glucosinolte Cnol mel 100 3.82 2.38 14.6 Fire reduced mteril 39 4.70 2.75 16.9 Fire enriched mteril 61 3.19 2.22 13.3 Dt provided y Dr. McCurdy, POS Pilot Plnt 38

Tle 4. Effect of dehulled cnol mel on pen verge dily weight gin, feed disppernce nd feed conversion of pigs for the growing nd finishing phses Tretment S.E.M. Significnt Item 1 2 3 4 Effect Growing phse Initil weight, kg 23.8 24.0 23.9 24.1 Finl weight, kg 56.6 56.0 55.1 58.1 Dily weight gin, kg 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.84 0.01 NSc Dily feed, kg 1.98 1.84 1.89 1.90 0.05 NS Gin:feed 0.41 0.45 0.42 0.44 0.01 NS Finishing phse Initil weight, kg 71.1 70.9 70.6 71.3 Finl weight, kg 96.8 101.4 104.0 102.5 Dily weight gin, kg 0.89 0.89 0.97 0.91 0.04 NS Dily feed, kg 2.61 2.78 2.86 2.78 0.13 NS Gin:feed 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.32 0.01 NS Tretment 1:control diet sed on soyen mel; Tretment 2: negtive control sed on stndrd cnol mel replcing 95% (growing phse) or 50% (finishing phse) of soyen mel; Tretment 3: dehulled cnol mel t 15% (growing phse) or 10% (finishing phse) of the totl diet; Tretment 4: the sme s Tretment 3 except energy nd mino cids were elevted reltive to tretments 1-3. Tretment effect significnt, P < 0.05 c Tretment effect significnt, P < 0.10 Tle 5. Effect of dehulled cnol mel on the crcss trits of finishing pigs Tretment 1 S.E.M. Significnt Item 1 2 3 4 Effect 2 Mrket wt., kg 106.5 105.7 105.6 106.4 Dressed wt., kg 85.8 82.0 83.1 83.4 0.6 0.05 Len, mm 59.3 56.5 58.7 57.9 1.4 NS Ft, mm 19.0 19.8 20.9 21.1 1.0 NS Yield, % 60.3 59.8 59.6 59.6 0.4 NS Index 109.8 110.1 109.1 108.6 0.9 NS Tretment 1:control diet sed on soyen mel; Tretment 2: negtive control sed on stndrd cnol mel replcing 95% (growing phse) or 50% (finishing phse) of soyen mel; Tretment 3: dehulled cnol mel t 15% (growing phse) or 10% (finishing phse) of the totl diet; Tretment 4: the sme s Tretment 3 except energy nd mino cids were elevted reltive to tretments 1-3. Tretment effect significnt, P < 0.05 c Tretment effect significnt, P < 0.10 39