Cancer Leading cause f disease-related death amng peple under age 75 Secnd leading cause f death Evidence supprts that mst cancers culd be prevented by simple lifestyle changes Tbacc is respnsible fr abut 30% f all cancer deaths Pr diet and exercise habits accunt fr anther 30% f cancer deaths Figure 16.1 Percentage f all cancer deaths linked t risk factrs (knw and understand what the bar graph is shwing) What is Cancer? Definitin: Tumr: Benign tumr: Malignant tumr: Every case f cancer begins as: Figure 16.2 Tumr develpment ccurs in stages Genetically altered cell- Hyperplasia Dysplasia In situ - Invasive Cancer - Metastasis Definitin: Primary tumr: Secndary tumrs (metastases) : Cancer Stages Stage 0: Stage I: Stage II: Stage III: Stage IV: 1
Types f Cancer Classified accrding t types f cells that give rise t them Carcinmas Epithelial tissue cvers and lines surfaces f bdy Sarcmas Bne, cartilage, etc. Lymphmas- Leukemias - The Incidence f Cancer American Cancer Sciety Estimates: At current rates, 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 wmen will develp cancer during their lifetime American Cancer Sciety Estimates: 90% f skin cancer culd have been prevented by: 87% f lung cancer culd have been prevented by: Lung Cancer Regular screening and self-examinatins culd save an additinal 100,000 lives per year Mst cmmn cause f cancer death in the U.S. 162,000 deaths per year Risk factrs Detectin and treatment Symptms d nt appear until: Symptms: Diagnsis: 2
Treatment If caught early: Only 15% are detected prir t spreading Fr cases detected early: Overall, the 5-year survival rate is nly 15% Cln and Rectal (Clrectal) Cancer Third mst cmmn type f cancer Risk factrs Detectin Regular screening tests: Symptms: Treatment: Breast Cancer Mst cmmn cancer in wmen Causes almst as many deaths in wmen as lung cancer Risk factrs Strng genetic factr: Age: 3
Early detectin ACS recmmends: Clinical and Self breast exams: Symptms may include: Treatment If the tumr is discvered befre it has spread: Prstate Cancer Mst cmmn cancer in men Risk factrs Detectin Bld test: Rectal exam: Symptms may include: Treatment Cancers f the Female Reprductive Tract Cervical cancer Mst cases stem frm: Preventin The PAP test is: 4
All sexually active wmen ages 18-65 shuld be tested regularly Gardasil Skin Cancer Types f Skin Cancer Basal cell carcinma Squamus cell carcinma Melanma (mst serius type f skin cancer) Mst cmmn frm f cancer 1 millin cases per year (68,000 are melanma) Risk factrs Cmmn causes are: Caucasians are: Preventin Detectin f Melanma ABCD screen test A- Asymmetry: B Brder: C- Clr: D Diameter: The Causes f Cancer The rle f DNA (Dexyribnucleic acid) Each cells has: Gene: DNA mutatins and cancer Mutagens: Oncgenes: Tumr suppressr gene: 5
Hereditary cancer risks: Cancer prmters Definitin: Dietary Factrs Ex., Estrgen Fd chices affect yur cancer risk by: Dietary fat and meat Diets high in bad fats and meat may cntribute t cln, stmach, and prstate cancers Omega-3 fats are healthier fr bdy Alchl Risk f ral and cln cancer Fried fds Fiber Fruits and vegetables Phytchemicals Inactivity and besity Carcingens in the Envirnment Micrbes Abut 15% f the wrld s cancers are caused by micrbes Ingested chemicals Nitrsamines: Envirnmental and industrial pllutin Radiatin Figure 16.8 The seven majr warning signs f cancer Preventing Cancer Lifestyle chicesavid tbacc Cntrl diet and weight Regular exercise Prtect skin frm the sun Aviding envirnmental and ccupatinal carcingens Fllw recmmendatins fr cancer screenings 6