MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Complete! Second Edition CHAPTER 4 The Human Body in Health and Disease Content Review Slides
Learning Objectives Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body. Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body. Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and directional terms used to describe areas of the body.
Learning Objectives (cont.) Break down and define the important terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Define the introductory terms associated with medical terminology. Identify the five major diagnostic imaging procedures.
Word Parts abdomin/o = abdomen anter/o = front brachi/o = arm cardi/o = heart caud/o = tail cephal/o = head
Word Parts (cont.) cervic/o = neck chondr/i = gristle, cartilage cran/o, crani/o = skull cyt/o = cell dist/o = distant dors/o = back
Word Parts (cont.) femor/o = thigh gastr/o = stomach glute/o = buttocks hom/o, home/o = same ili/o = groin, hip, flank
Word Parts (cont.) infer/o = below inguin/o = groin later/o = side lumb/o = lower back medi/o = middle
Word Parts (cont.) organ/o = tool pelv/o = bowl, basin physi/o = nature pleur/o= pleura, rib poster/o = back proxim/o = near
Word Parts (cont.) super/o = above thorac/o = chest, thorax tom/o = to cut umbilic/o = navel. umbilicus ventr/o = belly
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Physiology Functions of the body Homeostasis
Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) The Building Blocks of Body Structure Cells Tissues Organs Systems
Figure 4.1 Building blocks of the body. Complexity increases in the direction of the arrow.
Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells
Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Tissues Four main types of tissues: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Organ Maintains a certain shape Performs a general function Examples: stomach, brain, pancreas
Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) System The body contains 11 systems Each system performs a general function
Table 4.1 Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Table 4.1 (continued) Systems of the Body
Directional Terms Directional terms Anatomical position Most directional terms each include one word root and one suffix. Suffixes are either -ior or -al
Word Roots Involving Direction super = above infer = below anter = front Poster = back medi = middle
Word Roots Involving Direction (cont.) Later = side proxim = near dist = distant Dors = back caud = tail
Directional Terms Superior Inferior Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal)
Directional Terms (cont.) Medial Lateral Superficial Deep Proximal Distal
Planes Dividing the Body Plane Frontal or coronal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane
Figure 4.2 Body planes
Regions of the Body Regions of the Body Head Neck Upper appendages Trunk Lower appendages
Regions of the Body (cont.) Regions may be broken down further such as the abdominal region within the trunk. Abdominal region can be broken down in two ways abdominal regions and abdominal quadrants
Regions of the Body (cont.) Abdominal Regions Epigastric region Hypochondriac regions Umbilical region Lumbar regions Hypogastric region Iliac regions
Figure 4.3 The abdomen and abdominal regions
Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Anatomical Terms (cont.) Body as a Whole Central trunk, or torso Appendages, or limbs Cavities Viscera
Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity Spinal (vertebral) cavity
Figure 4.4 Body cavities
Body Cavities (cont.) Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity - Pericardial cavity - Pleural cavities - Mediastinum
Body Cavities (cont.) Ventral cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal cavity - Pelvic cavity
Medical Terms of the Human Body Disease Pathology Pathologist Diagnosis Symptom
Medical Terms of the Human Body (cont.) Sign Acute Chronic
Medical Terms of the Human Body (cont.) Infection Trauma Prognosis
Diagnostic Imaging Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy CT scan PET scan MRI Ultrasound
Endoscopy Endoscope Views internal anatomy on a monitor May also contain surgical attachments that allow the physician to manipulate internal structures
Figure 4.5 Endoscopy Source: Reflekta/Shutterstock
CT Scan Computed Tomography Scanning Can scan from multiple angles Useful to view cross-sectional images of organs Standard evaluation of trauma to most body areas
Figure 4.6 CT scan Source: Linda Bartlett/National Cancer Institute.
PET Scans Positron emission tomography The radioactive substance is combined with a metabolically important material and then inhaled or injected into the patient The metabolic activity of an organ is detected by the PET scan based on the particles being released by the organ
Figure 4.7a PET scan Source: Grieze/Dreamstime.com
Figure 4.7b PET scan Source: ballemans./shutterstock
PET Scan Video Click here to view a video on the topic of PET scans. Back to Directory
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging Can distinguish between structures based on the water content Offers the clearest, most complete images of internal anatomy Can diagnose many forms of cancer, joint disease, and trauma
Figure 4.8 MRI Source: Jupiterimages/Polka Dot/Thinkstock
MRI Video Click here to view an video on the topic of MRI. Back to Directory
Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasound imaging, or sonography Major body systems in which ultrasound is used: Obstetrics and gynecology fetal, uterine, breast, ovarian Cardiology heart, blood flow through vessels Urology blood flow through the kidneys, detecting prostate cancer, seeing kidney stones
Figure 4.9 Ultrasound imaging Source: Photodisc/Thinkstock
Ultrasound Video Click here to view a video on the topic of ultrasound. Back to Directory
Combining Form Quiz 1. dors/o a. front 2. anter/o b. below 3. proxim/o c. back 4. super/o d. above 5. infer/o e. near
Combining Form Quiz 1. dors/o a. front 2. anter/o b. below 3. proxim/o c. back 4. super/o d. above 5. infer/o e. near