Chapter 1: Introduction to Structural Units Video Worksheet Anatomy Terms: What should you do to learn the terms in this class??? Buy notecards Anatomy The study of the body o Identification of the body parts o Anatomy means: To Cut Up Physiology The study of function o How the parts of the body work o physis means nature o ology means the study of Pathology The study of disease and the disease processes o What makes you sick o pathos means: suffering Microscopic The study of anatomy on a microscopic level, cannot anatomy study without the aid of a microscope Histology The study of tissues Cytology The study of cells Gross anatomy The study of anatomy of large scale, you can see with the unaided eye Regional The study of anatomy by regions of the body Anatomy Systemic The study of anatomy by body systems Anatomy What life is: Qualities of Life (all life is) Irritability Growth and Development Which means The ability to react to a stimuli External-Outside the organism (temperature change, bug landing on arm, etc.) Internal-Inside the organism (hungry, tired, etc.) Two types: Growth-getting bigger Maturation-developmental processes/stages
Reproduction Movement Self-Regulating Metabolism Adapt to the Environment Homeostasis & Health Two types: Asexual-cells replace dead and damaged cells Sexual Reproduction-have of genes from 2 parents External: Obvious noticeable movement Internal: Heartbeat, digestion, gas exchange Metabolism (definition): The sum of all chemical reaction in the body There are lots of chemical processes happening in your body. You are metabolizing food, you are creating hormones. These need regulation!!! Homeostasis (will be addressed later)-ability to bring the body back to normal. Adaption can be Structural, physiological, behavioral or a combination of all these things Tolerance Limits? (give some examples): Fresh water fish cannot live in salt water State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by dynamic processes of feedback and regulation. Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium This means that the body Does not like change o It tells you when you re hungry, and when you are fed, it turns off. Type of Feedback Positive Negative What happens with the reaction The initial stimuli causes an increasing reaction from the organism, it is a cascading reaction Each reaction from the organism is stronger than the last Stimuli that stops a process or brings things back to where they belong Example Childbirth Head of fetus pushes against cervix Signal is sent to the brain to secrete oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus toward cervix Last contraction is the strongest (In your home as he discusses) Air-conditioned or thermostat
What do YOU think it mean to be healthy? (Not from the video) What do YOU it mean to be unhealthy? (Not from the video) What is the definition of health? The optimal state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmary Body Positions Describe the anatomical position Standing straight facing Palms facing by their side Feet flat on the floor Why is it important to use these terms? Why is it important to know these terms? The teacher will assume you know these terms for the rest of the year Directional Terms Body Position What/where is it How are you going to remember this? (Not necessarily from the movie) Superior/Cephalic Towards the Head AKA Cranial Inferior/Caudal Towards the Feet Anterior/Ventral Towards the Front Posterior/Dorsal Towards the Back Medial Going In towards the middle Lateral Going out away from the middle
Intermediate Between two structures Proximal Towards the point of origin Distal Away from the point of origin Ipsilateral Same side of the body Contralateral Opposite sides of the body Superficial Towards the surface Deep Deep in the surface Is your nose superior or inferior? Explain why? Planes of the Body Divides the body into a left and right side. o Sagittal Plane o An Equal right and left division is Midsagittal o An Unequal right and left divisions is Parasagittal Divides the body into a top and bottom. o Transverse plane o Aka a cross section Divides the body into a front and back part o Coronal o Frontal Cut on an angle o Oblique
Body Cavities Cavities in the front of the body Ventral Cavity o Thoracic Contains: Heart Lungs o Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Contains: Stomach & Intestines Pelvic Contains: Lower part of the Intestines Reproductive organs Cavities in the back of the body Dorsal cavity o Cranial cavity Contains: Brains o Spinal Cavity Contains: Spinal cord
Levels of Organization Sub-Atomic Proton Electrons Neutrons The atom Atomic Smallest part of an element Molecular Two or more atoms bonding with each other H 2 O CO 2 NaCl Cellular Basic unit of life Tissue A bunch of cells that come together to perform a specific function Organ A group of different tissues coming together to work as a team Heart Stomach Liver Organ System Collection of organs uniting for a common goal or function Organism The living thing/critter Organ Systems System Composed of Functions Integumentary Skin Hair Nails Glands Helps regulate the body temperature Protection Water volume control Eliminates some waste products Vitamin D production Sensation Skeletal Bones Cartilage Joints Support and protection for the body Production of blood
Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Urinary Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cranial o Brain to body Spinal o Spinal cord to body Hormone producing glands o Pituitary Gland o Thyroid Gland o Parathyroid Gland o Adrenal Gland o And many more! Blood Heart Blood Vessels Lymph Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Tissue Lungs Accessary Organs Kidneys Ureters Bladder Movement Postures Heat Production Regulates body activity Regulates body activities Works slower than the Nervous system, but very powerful Transports o Oxygen, Wastes, Etc. Brings fluid back into the blood vessels Protection for the body Example: Swelling (Edema) o It sucks the fluid back Transport of gasses Regulates chemical composition of the blood
Digestive Reproductive Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) Accessory structures Testes Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Epididymis Etc Break down and absorption of useful substances from food Continuation of the species Abdominal Sections Four section labeling o Label the picture to the Right. Notes: