Chapter One: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is the scientific study of structure or form (morphology) Physiology is the scientific study of function Functional role of a body part is dependent on its construction o REFER TO FIGURE 1.2 Levels of organization: o REFER TO FIGURE 1.3 o Chemical Level Atoms- basic chemical particles which contribute to the human body Molecules Atoms can join together to form molecules Macromolecules Smaller molecules can combine to form larger substances Some macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates are needed for metabolism while other macromolecules can combine together to serve a common purpose for a cell o Cellular Level Cells basic living unit of humans and other living organisms Cell anatomy vary in size, shape, and thus vary in function All cells possess structures called organelles (made of an aggregate of macromolecules) that carry out specific activities and responsibilities for the cell. o Tissues Level Groups of similar cells that serve a common goal Types of tissues Epithelial Tissues- form a cover or lining Connective Tissues - bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as framework, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection and help repair tissue damage Muscular Tissues found in the Muscular System and possess the ability to contract to do work for the body Nervous Tissues found in the Nervous System and function to transmit nerve impulses to coordinate and integrate body functions o Organs Level Different organs made up of different tissue types working together for a common function of the body o Organ Systems Level All 11 organs systems have specific function for an organism o Organism Level The individual encompasses all of the levels into a complete functioning living being. Characteristics of life o REFER TO TABLE 1.1 o Movement internal and external change in position o Responsiveness ability to reaction to a change or stimulus o Growth increase in size without change in shape o Reproduction new generation of organisms and cells o Respiration use of oxygen and removal of metabolic wastes, carbon dioxide and releasing energy from foods o Digestion breakdown of foods into smaller forms to be used by the body o Absorption movement of substances through a membrane and into body fluids o Circulation movement of substances within body fluids o Assimilation changing nutrients into chemically different forms o Excretion removal of metabolic wastes 1
o All of these characteristics contribute to metabolism all the chemical reactions within the body Maintenance of Life o Water most abundant chemical in the body; required for metabolic reactions; transports substances within the body; involved in body temperature regulation o Foods nutrients for energy and raw material for building living matter o Oxygen releases energy from nutrients for metabolism o Heat by-product of metabolism o Pressure movement of air and fluids; atmospheric pressure important for breathing; hydrostatic pressure important for movement in fluids Homeostasis o Definition: Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment to provide optimal activates o REFER TO FIGURE 1.5 & FIGURE 1.6 o REFER TO FIGURE 1.7 FOR TEMPERATURE REGULATION EXAMPLE o Homeostatic mechanisms are designed to regulate homeostasis Receptors - detect changes and stimuli and provide information Control center possess the set point, the ideal value. Control center is able to compare and analyze the current condition to the set point and determine the appropriate action to return to homeostasis Effectors means to the change; executes the decision of the control center o Feedback mechanisms Negative Feedback a deviation from the set point promotes a correction that moves in the opposite direction of the stimuli or change (discourages the stimulus or change) Positive Feedback a deviation from the set point promotes a correction that moves in the same direction of the stimuli or change (encourages the stimulus or change) Organization of the Human Body o REFER TO FIGURE 1.8 o Body Cavities Axial Portion- head, neck, and trunk Dorsal Cavity o Cranial cavity houses and encases the brain o Vertebral canal houses and encases the spinal cord Ventral Cavity o Thoracic cavity Mediastinum is a central region of the thoracic cavity that contains heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus Either side of the mediastinum are compartments that contain the right and left lungs o Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity upper cavity includes stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and parts of small and large intestines Pelvic cavity lower cavity enclosed by the hip bones contains terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs o The diaphragm separates the two cavities ***Smaller cavities in the body: oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear*** REFER TO FIGURE 1.9 Appendicular Portion- upper and lower limbs Organ Systems o REFER TO FIGURE 1.12 o Body Covering Integumentary System 2
o Integration/Coordination Nervous System Endocrine System o Absorption/Excretion Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System o Support/Movement Skeletal System Muscular System o Transport Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System o Reproduction Reproductive System ****All of these organ systems help to regulate homeostasis except for the Reproductive System Anatomical Terminology o REFER TO FIGURE 1.13 o Anatomical Position: Body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at the sides with palms forward o Relative position page 14 Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep o Body sections page 15 REFER TO FIGURE 1.14 Sagittal vertical or lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions Midsagittal divides the body into equal portions Transverse horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions Coronal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions o Body regions pages 16-17 Abdominal area is so large and contains many organs that it is commonly subdivided into two different manner REFER TO FIGURE 1.16 Four quadrants: o Right upper quadrant (RUQ) o Right lower quadrant (RLQ) o Left upper quadrant (LUQ) o Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Nine regions: o Epigastic region o Left hypochondriac region o Right hypochondriac region 3
o Umbilical region o Hypogastric region o Left iliac region o Right iliac region o Left lumbar region o Right lumbar region Adjectives for various body regions REFER TO FIGURE 1.17 Abdominal Acromial Antebrachial Antecubital Axillary Brachial Buccal Carpal Celiac Cephalic Cervical Costal Coxal Crural Cubital Digital Dorsal Femoral Genital Gluteal Inguinal Lumbar Mammary Mental Nasal Occipital Oral Orbital Otic Palmar Patellar Pectoral Pedal Pelvic Perineal Plantar Popliteal Sacral Sternal Sural Tarsal 4
Umbilical Vertebral 5