Human Anatomy & Physiology PHA322.10 D. Matesic, Spring, 2012 Class Notes Introduction to A & P Medical Terminology Levels of Structural Organization
Anatomy the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic all structures of the body Microscopic Cytology study of the structure of cells Histology study of tissues and the properties of cells that make up tissues Physiology the study of the function of the body s structural machinery Considers the operation of specific organ systems, eg: Renal kidney function Cardiovascular operation of the heart and blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular level (cell physiology) Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement Function always reflects structure, ie., what a structure can do depends on its specific form Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical atoms combined to form molecules 2. Cellular cells are made of molecules 3. Tissue consists of similar types of cells 4. Organ made up of different types of tissues 5. Organ system consists of different organs that work closely together 6. Organismal made up of the organ systems Organ Systems Interrelationships: 2 examples Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary, integumentary and respiratory systems Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, neural and hormonal factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Medical Terminology-The Language of Anatomy Marieb required figures 1. Anatomical position (pages 11-20; not required) Figure 1.7a Human body erect, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat, forward
2. Directional terms (Table 1.1) A. Superior toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body Inferior away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body B. Anterior/Ventral toward or at the front of the body Posterior/Dorsal toward or at the back of the body C. Medial toward or at the midline of the body Lateral away from the midline of the body D. Proximal closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb Distal farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb E. Superficial/External toward the body surface Deep/Internal away from the body surface
3. Body Planes- Figure 1.8 A. Sagittal a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. a. Midsagittal (Median) a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline b. Parasagittal all other sagittal planes offset from the midline B. Frontal (Coronal) divides the body into anterior and posterior (dorsal or ventral) parts C. Transverse (Horizontal) runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts D. Oblique at an angle Oblique plane
4. Regional Terms-as per figure 1.7 Figure 1.7
5. Body Cavities- Figure 1.9 A. Dorsal Body Cavity- comprised of: 1. Cranial cavity contains the brain 2. Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord B. Ventral Body Cavity - contains the visceral organs; walls and surfaces of organs lined with serous membranes. Comprised of 2 parts: 1. Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) a. Mediastinum contains heart, esophagus, and trachea b. pleural cavity contains lungs
2. Abdominopelvic cavity a. abdominal cavity contains digestive viscera (stomach, spleen, intestine, gall bladder, pancreas) b. pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum *The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm. c. abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1.11 1. RUQ liver 2. RLQ cecum, appendix, intestine 3. LUQ stomach 4. LLQ intestine C. Other Cavities 1. Oral/Digestive mouth (teeth and tongue); continuous with digestive organs; opens to the exterior at the anus 2. Nasal located within and posterior to the nose 3. Orbital house the eyes 4. middle ear medial to the eardrums; contains bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears 5. synovial joint cavities