Systematic Anatomy Nervous system Telencephalon Dr.Hongqi Zhang ( 张红旗 ) Email: zhanghq58@126.com 1
The Telencephalon
Gray matter Cortex Basilar nuclei White matter-medulla Lateral ventricles
General introduction of the telencephalon From the development of forebrain vesicle, Younger but with important function. Situated at the sup.extremity of the brain Formation of many sulci and gyri because of different growth speed of brain. Sulci and gyri increase the surface area of cortex
Frontal lobe Olfactory tract Optic n. Optic chiasma Temporal lobe Ponse Tonsile of cerebellum Pyramid Olive Cerebellum Spinal cord
Precentral gyrus Sup.frontal sulcus Central sulcus Inf.frontal sulcus postcentral gyrus Posstcentral sulcus Olfactory tract Insula Fornix Cerebellum
Cingulate gyrus Collosal sulcus Corpus collasum Cerebral aqueduct Parietoccipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus Transparent septum Optic n. Third ventricle Transverse Cerebral fissure Midbrain Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department oblongata of Anatomy-Fudan University
Superior view Anterior view Lateral view inferior view Posterior view sagittal view
Frontal lobe Olfactory tract Optic n. Optic chiasma Temporal lobe Ponse Tonsile of cerebellum Pyramid Olive Cerebellum Spinal cord
General Appearance of Cerebrum right & left cerebral hemisphere, separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure(1)- cerebral falx In the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum(2)connects the hemispheres across the midline 2 1 3
General Appearance of Cerebrum The cerebral transverse fissure(1) intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum- cerebellar tentorium Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral,medial and inferior one. 1 1 Cerebellar tentorium 1
Key points of the appearance of the telencephalon Three sulci Three surfaces Five lobes Three poles Two ventricles
1 Three sulci 3 Lateral view 2 1-Central sulcus 2-Lateral sulcus 3-Parietooccipital sulcus medial view
Five lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insular lobe Insular lobe
Three Surfaces of telencephalon 1- Dorsolateral surface 2- Medial surface 3- Inferior surface 1 2 3
Three poles of telencephalon 1-Frontal pole 2-Occipital pole 3-Temporal pole 1 4-Preoccipital notch 3 Boundary between temporal lobe and occipital lobe 4 2
Main sulci & gyri of dorsolateral surface 1-Central sulcus 2-Lateral sulcus 5 3 1 4 3-Precentral sulcus 9 4-Postcentral sulcus 5-sup.frontal sulcus 6-Inf.frontal sulcus 6 7- Inf.temporal sulcus 2 8- Sup.temporal sulcus 8 9-Intraparietal sulcus 7
Main gyri of dorsolateral surface Sup.frontal g. Mid.frontal g. Inf.frontal g. Sup.temporal g. Mid.temporal g. Inf.temporal g. Precentral g. Sup.parietal lobule Inf. parietal lobule Supramarginal g. Angular g. Postcentral g. Trans.temporal g. g.-gyrus
Copy Right- Hongqi Brain ZHANG-Department lateral aspect of Anatomy-Fudan University
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Sup,mid & inf. frontal gyri Postcentral sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Superior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Central sulcus
Brain median sagittal plane
Medial surface of hemisphere
Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface Callosal sulcus cingulate gyrus Cingulate sulcus Corpus callosum Paracentral lobule Marginal ramus Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus
Inferior surface of hemisphere
Brain and roots of cranial nerve(basilar aspect)
Limbic lobe and limbic system Cingulate.parahippocampal gyri,uncus & the hippocampal formation surrounding the upper brain stem,constitutes the limbic lobe. the limbic system is used to include the limbic lobe as well as associated subcortical structures including amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, mammillary body,ant. nucleus of thalamus,olfactory bulb.
The function of limbic system The limbic system is also known as visceral brain, its function is concerned with: Emotional expression and genesis together with visceral response to the emotions. Survival of individual and species. Cognitive processes involved in memory.
Functional Location of Cerebral Cortex Brodmann 52 areas
Some structures of temporal lobe Fornix Hippocampus Dentate gyrus Hippocampal formation Commissure of fornix
The internal structures of telencephalon Gray matter Cortex Basilar ganglion cortex medulla nuclear white matter-medulla Lateral ventricles
Key functional principal of the cerebral cortex Very important Somatic motor area Somatic sensory area Visual area Auditory area Motor speech area Writing area Auditory speech area Visual speech area Olfactory area Gustatory area sensory area Visceral activity area The rest area except the functional areas are called association area.
Precentral gyrus Somatic motor area location Precentral gyrus ant.part of the paracentral lobule (B4.6) Ant.part of the paracentral lobule
Motor cortex The main motor cortical area is located on the anterior wall of the central sulcus and the adjacent portion of the precentral gyrus. Brodmann Area 4 - rich in pyramidal neurons, which provide the anatomical substrates for the motor output function
Characters Representative area of the body is inverted,but head is upright Representative area of various part of body in cortex have relations with its function,rather than its size Left and right decussation: one somatic motor center innervate the movement of skeletal m.of contralateral limbs & both trunk skeleton mm.
First Somatic Motor Area
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan postcentral University gyrus Somatic sensory area Location Postcentral gyrus post.part of the paracentral lobule (B3.1.2) post.part of the paracentral lobule
Characteristics First Somatic Motor Area Representative area of the body is inverted,but it is upright Represented area of different part in cortex have relations with its function,rather than its size Left and right decussation: One somatic sensory area receive contralateral sensory impulse
Visual area Calcarine sulcus and adjacent portions of the cuneus and the lingual gyrus (B17) Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side & nasal part of opposite side retina Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections Visual area
Auditory area Transverse temporal gyri (B41). Each auditory area receive auditory information from both ears. Auditory area
Language Area It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person Motor speech area Located in post. portion of inferior frontal gyrus Damage: motor aphasia Writing area Located in post. portion of middle frontal gyrus Damage: agraphia Auditory speech area Located in post. portion of superior temporal gyrus Lesion: sensory aphasia Visual speech area Located in angular gyrus Lesion: alexia writing area Motor speech area visual speech area auditory speech area
Vestibular,olfactory and taste areas Vestibular area located in the front of superior temporal gyrus Olfactory area area near the uncus Taste area - area at frontal operculum Visceral area - limbic system
Basal ganglion (nuclei) 1- Lentiform nucleus 2- Caudate nucleus 3- Claustrum 4- Amygdaloid body 3 T 2 1 4 T- dorsal thalamus
Basal Nuclei Corpus striatum Lentiform nucleus Caudate nucleus Claustrum Amygdaloid body Caudate nucleus Globus pallidus -paleostriatum Putamen Neostriatum Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum lentiform nucleus thalamus Amygdaloid body Left view
White matter of the cerebrum Association fiber within one side hemisphere Commissure fiber connect two hemisphere Projection fiber connect other brain & spinal cord, at different level. Association fiber The Copy three Right- fibers Hongqi of cerebral ZHANG-Department meduallary substance(coronary of Anatomy-Fudan of hemisphere) University
The association fibers of cerebral hemisphere Run between gyri within the same hemisphere Cerebral arcuate fibers Sup. longitudinal fasciculi Inf.longitudinal fasciculi Uncinate fasciculus
The commissural fiber Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Commissure of fornix Corpus callosum Commissure of fornix Anterior Commissure Copy Right- The commissural Hongqi ZHANG-Department fibers in cerebral of medullary Anatomy-Fudan substance University
White Matter- projection fiber Projection fibers Connect cortex with lower part of brain & spinal cord and they include both ascending & descending fibers Internal capsule Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Internal Capsule Head of Caudate nucleus Ant. Body of Caudate nucleus Internal capsule Lentiform nucleus Post. Tain of Caudate nucleus Dorsal thalamus
Internal Capsule Three parts Ant. limb of internal capsule Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation Genu of internal capsule Is angle at which ant. and post limbs meet Containing corticonuclear tract Post.limb of internal capsule Lies between thalamus & lentiform nucleus Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto- occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation genu Post.limb Ant.limb
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department ofcerebrum Anatomy-Fudan University Longitudinal fissure of Head of caudate nucleus corpus callosum Lateral ventricle Ant.limb Lentiform nucleus Genu insula Post.limb claustrum thalamus Post.angle Of lat.ventricle Cerebral cortex medulla Horizontal section of the cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum Head of caudate nucleus Ant.limb of IC Lentiform nucleus Claustrum Post.limb of IC Medulla Corpus callosum Lateral ventricle Genu of IC Insula Thalamus Cerebral cortex Horizontal section of the cerebrum
Internal capsule Head of caudate nucleus Ant. thalamic radiation Frontopontine tract Corticonuclear tract Corticospinal tract Dorsal thalamus Central thalamic radiation Lentiform nucleus Corticorubral tract Parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract Acoustic radiation Med. geniculate body Lat. geniculate body Optic radiation
Fiber tracts pass through internal capsule Ant.limb Frontopontine tract Ant. thalamic radiation Three portion Genu Post.limb Corticonuclear tract Corticospinal tract Corticorubral tract Central thalamic radiation Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation
Sympotom after Injury of right internal capsule
Injury of the whole internal capsule If Infarction,hemorrhage appear in internal capsule,it will block the important sensory and motor conducting tracts.it will occur: Blindness in the opposite visual field of both eye Impairment of general sensation on the opposite side of the body Opposite skeletal muscle paralysis of upper and lower limb
Horizental section of the cerebrum
Lateral Ventricle Position: located in cerebral hemispheres Four parts 2 1-Central part: lies in parietal lobe 2-Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe 3-Posterior horn: extend into occipital lobe 4-Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe 4 1 Mesencephalic aquduct 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle 3
Projective diagram of the ventricular system of brain
The superior view of lateral ventricle
Lateral Ventricle Transverse MRI scan, at the level of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.
Lateral Ventricle Communication lateral ventricle interventricular foramen third ventricle
Transverse (1570/3.9/800) MR images show ROIs (white areas) at which ADC, FA, and RA values were determined in the, A, parietal lobe, B, frontal lobe, C, corpus callosum and pericallosal areas, D, internal capsule, E, occipital lobe, Copy RightHongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University and, F, temporal lobe.
FIGURE 3.1.6 This view is one we will use repeatedly as the starting point in describing neural pathways
FIGURE 3.1.7 This view is a modified version of the one shown above. On the right, four "tan colored" thalamic nuclei have been added and numbered arrows show how fibers radiate laterally from the thalamus, passing "under" the caudate, and entering the internal capsule. On the left, a horizontal cut has been made through the brain, revealing the classic "V" shape of the internal capsule. The "1" on both sides shows the position of fibers traveling in the anterior limb of the capsule; The "2, 3, 4" show the position of fibers traveling in the posterior limb.
FIGURE 3.1.2 This view simply draws in the DC-ML pathway on our standard dorsal view of the brainstem and thalamus. Note that the pathway retains a somatotopic plan of organization all the way up to the cortex. VP is an abbreviation for ventralis posterior, the name of the thalamic nucleus where the cell bodies of the third order neurons are found. Note that on the left, the letters L and A show the position of the Copy "arm" Rightand "leg" Hongqi fibers ZHANG-Department in the posterior limb of of Anatomy-Fudan the capsule University
answer 4 1 - thalamus 2 - pineal body 3 - parieto-0ccipital sulcus 4 - calcarine sulcus 5 - inferior colliculus 6 - anterior medullary velum 7 - fourth ventricle 8 - basilar pons 9 - oculomotor nerve 10 - mammillary body 11 - optic chiasm 12 - anterior commissure 13 - cingulate gyrus 14 - corpus callosum
1 - lateral ventricle, ant horn 2 - septum pellucidum 3 - fornix 4 - massa intermedia 5 - thalamus 6 - pineal body 7 - superior colliculus 8 - inferior colliculus 9 - cerebellar hemisphere 10 - fourth ventricle 11 - cerebellar peduncles 12 - medial geniculate nucleus 13 - caudate nucleus, tail 14 - lateral geniculate nucleus 15 - habenular nucleus 16 - globus pallidus 17 - caudate nucleus, head 18 - corpus callosum
answer 34 1 - cingulate gyrus 2 - corpus callosum 3 - fornix 4 - thalamus 5 - superior &inferior colliculi 6 - superior cerebellar peduncle 7 - fourth ventricle 8 - inferior olive 9 - mammillary body 10 - fornix 11 - lateral ventricle, ant horn
answer 35 1 - fornix 2 - septum pellucidum 3 - corpus callosum 4 - caudate nucleus, head 5 - putamen 6 - globus pallidus 7 - olfactory tract 8 - anterior commissure 9 - middle cerebral artery 10 - lateral fissure
answer 36 1 - cingulate gyrus 2 - fornix 3 - thalamus 4 - putamen 5 - subthalamic nucleus 6 - hippocampal formation 7 - lateral ventricle, inf horn 8 - caudate nucleus
answer 37 1 - optic radiation 2 - lateral ventricle, post horn 3 - superior cerebellar peduncle 4 - corticospinal tract 5 - middle cerebellar peduncle 6 - cerebellum
answer 38 1 - insula 2 - internal capsule, ant limb 3 - fornix 4 - lateral ventricle, ant horn 5 - caudate nucleus, head 6 - putamen 7 - globus pallidus 8 - thalamus 9 - caudate nucleus, tail 10 - lateral ventricle, post horn 11 - optic radiation 12 - internal capsule, post limb 13 - internal capsule, genu
answer 39 1 - olfactory tract 2 - optic chiasm 3 - amygdala 4 - lateral ventricle, inf horn 5 - cerebral peduncle 6 - red nucleus 7 - substantia nigra 8 - hippocampus
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