Longitudinal fissure separates right and left hemispheres.
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1 L 10 A B O R A T O R Y Brain/Skull CEREBRAL CORTEX (telencephalon) Longitudinal fissure separates right and left hemispheres. Identify the following structures of the frontal lobe: lateral sulcus central sulcus pre-central gyrus (primary motor cortex) frontal gyri (pre-motor cortex/pre-frontal cortex) Identify the following structures of the parietal lobe: parietooccipital sulcus post-central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) Identify the structures of the temporal lobe. temporal gyri (primary auditory cortex) parahippocampal gyrus uncus amygdala hippocampus Identify the insula. Identify the structures of the occipital lobe. calcarine sulcus (primary visual cortex) Identify the locations of the lateral ventricles. Identify the cranial nerve associated with the cerebral cortex - olfactory nerve (CN I).
2 70 Laboratory 10 Brain/Skull DIENCEPHALON Identify the structures of the diencephalon: pineal gland pituitary gland infundibulum interthalamic adhesion epithalamus hypothalamus mammillary bodies thalamus Identify the structures of the hemisected brain: corpus callosum septum pellucidum optic nerve/chiasm cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus uncus Identify the location of the 3 rd ventricle. Identify the cranial nerves associated with direct access to the thalamus - optic nerve (CN II). BRAINSTEM Identify the structures of the brainstem. cerebral peduncle optic tract superior/inferior colliculi pons sup/mid/inf cerebellar peduncles cerebral aqueduct medulla oblongata pyramids olive cuneate/gracile tubercle cranial nerves (III-XII) Identify the location of the 4 th ventricle. CEREBELLUM Identify the structures of the cerebellum. vermis anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculonodular lobe sup/mid/inf cerebellar peduncles primary fissure arbor vitae
3 Laboratory 10 Brain/Skull 71 LIMBIC STRUCTURES Hippocampus medial temporal lobe associated with memory. Amygdala anteromedial temporal lobe (near olfactory bulb) associated with emotion. Fornix hippocampus connection to mammillary bodies. Mammillary bodies posterior to pituitary, small mounds/nuclei send info to the cingulate gyrus. Cingulate gyrus associated with the perception of pain, but also communicates info to cortex. Follow memory pathway (Circuit of Papez): amygdala hippocampus fornix mammillary bodies parahippocampal/entorhinal cortex cingulate gyrus anterior nucleus of thalamus Identify structures in coronal/horizontal/mid-sagittal sections internal capsule caudate putamen globus pallidus basal nuclei (ganglia) striatum central sulcus lateral sulcus pre-central gyrus post-central gyrus cerebral arteries carotid artery lateral ventricles 3 rd ventricle pineal gland pituitary gland interthalamic adhesion infundibulum corpus callosum cingulate gyrus septum pellucidum anterior commissure posterior commissure cerebral aqueduct insula hippocampus geniculate nuclei superior/inferior colliculi cerebral peduncle pons medulla oblongata pyramids olive cerebellar peduncles 4 th ventricle vermis cranial nerves (any) calcarine sulcus flocculonodular lobe
4 72 Laboratory 10 Brain/Skull CEREBRAL BLOOD SUPPLY Trace the arterial blood flow to the brain: 1 - common carotid arteries >> internal carotid artery >> Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) 2 - subclavian artery >> vertebral artery >> basilar artery >> Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Discuss the Circle of Willis, including general flow of blood, arterial branches, and region supplied. posterior cerebral arteries posterior communicating arteries middle cerebral arteries anterior cerebral arteries anterior communicating artery perforating arteries Identify the major arterial branches of the basilar/vertebral arteries. posterior cerebral artery superior cerebellar artery anterior/posterior inferior cerebellar arteries MENINGES labrinthine artery Identify the meningeal membranes and describe the differences of each. Dura Arachnoid Pia Locate the following folds of the dura mater: cerebral falx cerebellar falx cerebellar tentorium sellar diaphragm Discuss the primary innervation for the meninges trigeminal nerve (CNV). Describe the anatomical significance of the subarachnoid space, arachnoid trabeculae, and arachnoid villi/granulations. Discuss the venous drainage of the skull, including the venous sinuses. superior sagittal sinus inferior sagittal sinus great cerebral vein straight sinus confluence of sinuses transverse sinus sigmoid sinus occipital sinus petrosal sinuses cavernous sinus sphenoparietal sinus
5 Laboratory 10 Brain/Skull 73 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Discuss the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and locate the specific structures. CSF produced by the choroid plexuses (located within ventricles) lateral ventricles interventricular foramen (of Monro) 3 rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4 th ventricle median (Magendie) aperture & lateral (Luschka) apertures subarachnoid space/cisterns Cerebrospinal fluid cisterns interpeduncular pontomedullary (pontine) cerebellomedullary superior (quadreminal) lumbar
6 74 Laboratory 10 Brain/Skull SKULL 1 - EXTERNAL SKULL (KEEP SKULLS CLOSED CONCENTRATE ON BLOOD VESSEL ENTRY/EXIT IN SKULL) (Bones are in bolded fonts. Underlined structures can be seen externally with the skulls closed.) Frontal coronal suture bregma (fontanelle) supraorbital notch/foramen nasion frontal crest air sinus Parietal sagittal suture lambda (fontanelle) lambdoid suture pterion temporal lines (parietal foramen - emissary) Temporal temporal fossa external / internal acoustic meatus squamous part petrous part asterion mastoid process zygomatic process (mastoid foramen - emissary) mastoid notch styloid process stylomastoid foramen jugular foramen carotid canal groove for sigmoid sinus mastoid aircells groove for middle meningeal artery Occipital internal/external occipital protuberance foramen magnum hypoglossal canal sup/inf nuchal lines groove for transverse sinus occipital condyles (condylar canal - emissary) Sphenoid greater / lesser wing optic canal orbital fissures sella turcica tuberculum / dorsum sellae clinoid processes foramen ovale foramen rotundum foramen spinosum foramen lacerum pterygoid plates pterygoid fossa pterygopalatine fossa pharyngeotympanic tube (bony) air sinus
7 Laboratory 10 Brain/Skull 75 Maxillary alveolar arch alveolar process incisive fossa/foramen horizontal / palatine process infraorbital foramen infraorbital groove air sinus Zygomatic zygomatic arch frontal process temporal process zygomaticofacial foramen maxillary process Palatine horizontal plate palatine foramina palatine sutures Mandible ramus body angle coronoid process condylar process alveolar process mandibular foramen lingula mental foramen mylohyoid line mental spine digastric fossa Ethmoid ethmoid foramina cribiform plate crista galli air cells perpendicular plate Lacrimal nasolacrimal canal Vomer Inferior Nasal Conchae Nasal Bones Describe how the blood vessels bring blood into and out of the skull. internal carotid artery (carotid canal) vertebral arteries (f. magnum) emissary veins (emissary foramen) middle meningeal artery (f. spinosum) internal jugular vein (jugular foramen)
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