Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal tumors, in children, 530 531 Alkalinization, in tumor lysis syndrome, 516 Allopurinol, in tumor lysis syndrome, 515 Anaphylaxis, drug hypersensitivity and, 564, 565 Anemia, 613 628 acute blood loss in, 617 causes of, 614 615, 616 classification of, 614 615 clinical presentation of, 616 620 definition of, 613 614 diagnostic studies in, 618 620 differential diagnosis of, 620 623 disposition in, 625 626 epidemiology of, 615 erythropoiesis in, 614 hemoglobin and, 614 history taking in, 616 617 in children, 625 in children with cancer, 537 538 in patients with cancer, 564 565, 566 macrocytic, 622 623 management plan in, 623 625 microcytic, 620 normocytic, 620 622 production abnormalities in, 614 signs and symptoms of, 617 Anticoagulants, reversal of, fresh frozen plasma in, 720 novel agents in, 722 723 protamine sulfate in, 722 prothrombin complex concentrate in, 720 721 recombinant Factor VII in, 721 722 vitamin K in, 717 720 Antihyperuricemic agents, in children, in tumor lysis syndrome, 515 516 Antiplatelet reversal, 723 Antithrombotic medications, common, 718 Antithrombotic reversal agents, 715 725 indications for, 715, 716 to prevent undesirable thrombosis, 717 Aplastic crisis, in sickle cell disease, 641 Emerg Med Clin N Am 32 (2014) 739 746 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(14)00049-2 0733-8627/14/$ see front matter ª 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. emed.theclinics.com
740 B Bleeding, in hematologic malignancies, causes of, 586 principles of treatment of, 587 588 Bleeding disorders, acquired, 691 713 clinical assessment of, 691 693 diagnostic testing in, 693 history and physical examination in, 692 693 platelet inhibitor use and, 695 696 congenital, coagulation cascade and, 675, 678 coagulation pathway and, 679, 680 diagnosis of, 679 disposition in, 686 emergency room presentation of, 681 682 epidemiology of, 679 evaluation and management of, 673 690 laboratory abnormalities in, 680 physiology and pathophysiology of, 673 678 platelets and, 674 675, 677, 680 treatment options in, 685 686 vasculature and, 674 Blood product transfusions, and reactions, 727 738 adverse, 730 732 allergic, 730 731 incidence of, 730 cultural and religious considerations for, 735 736 febrile nonhemolytic reactions to, 730 hemolytic reactions to, 731 732 history of, 727 massive, in special situations, 736 Blood product(s), cryoprecipitate, 729 fresh frozen plasma, 728 729 packed red blood cells, 728 platelets, 728 typing of, and antibodies, 729 Bone tumors, primary, in children, 531 Bowel perforation, in children with cancer, 536 Brain metastasis, 500 501 C Cancer, in children. See Child(ren), with cancer. Cardiac death, sudden, chemotherapy agents associated with, 570 Cardiotoxicity, acute, chemotherapy agents associated with, 570 chemotherapy-induced, 568 569 Cerebral herniation, in children with cancer, 535 Cerebrovascular accidents, in children with cancer, 544 in sickle cell disease, 637 638 Chemotherapeutic agents, physiologic effects of, 572 575 Chemotherapeutic medications, and their emergent complications, 563 578 Chest syndrome, acute, in sickle cell disease, 635 636
741 Child(ren), abdominal tumors in, 529 530 anemia in, 625 evaluation for malignancy in, 527 528 immune thrombocytopenia purpura in, 659 660 intracranial tumors in, 530 531 leukemia in, 584, 585 treatment of, 591 oncologic disease in, delivery of diagnosis of, 528 531 history and physical examination in, 528 oncologic emergencies in, 527 548 primary bone tumors in, 531 with cancer, 531 544 airway obstruction in, 533 535 gastrointestinal emergencies in, 536 537 hematologic emergencies in, 537 538 infectious emergencies in, 542 543 mechanical emergencies in, 533 535 metabolic emergencies in, 540 542 neurologic emergencies in, 543 544 optimizing management of, 531 533 tumor lysis syndrome in, 540 542 types of, 529 Circulatory overload, transfusion-associated, 732, 733, 734 Clotting cascade, 693 Coagulation cascade, 716 717, 718 congenital bleeding disorders and, 675, 678 Coagulation cascade disorders, 697 706 general principles of, 697 698 in severe liver disease, 700 oral direct thrombin inhibitors and, 704 706 oral factor Xa inhibitors and, 703 704 parenteral factor Xa inhibitors and, 702 703 vitamin K antagonists and, 700 702 Coagulation factor inhibitors, acquired, 698 Coagulopathic complications, chemotherapy-related, 571 575 of acute leukemia, 585 588 Coagulopathy, acute traumatic, 699 disseminated intravascular, 699 700 Coronary syndrome, acute, in sickle cell disease, 639 Cryoprecipitate, 729 D Dermatologic injury, after chemotherapy, 568 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 665 coagulopathic complications in, 586 587 in children with cancer, 539 Drug(s), extravasation of, 569 hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis, 564, 565
742 E Electrolyte abnormalities, in tumor lysis syndrome, 516 Erythromelalgia, from polycythemia vera, 600, 601 Ewing sarcoma, and osteosarcoma, features of, 532 F Factor Xa inhibitors, oral, coagulation cascade disorders and, 703 704 parenteral, coagulation cascade disorders and, 702 703 Febrile neutropenia, in children with cancer, 542 543 Fever, and infection, in sickle cell disease, 637 neutropenic. See Neutropenic fever. Fresh frozen plasma, 728 729 in anticoagulant reversal, 720 G Gastrointestial emergencies, in children with cancer, 536 537 Graft-versus-host disease, transfusion-associated, 735 H Hematologic malignancies, bleeding in, causes of, 586 principles of treatment of, 587 588 Hematopoiesis, 599 chemotherapy-induced disorders of, 564 567 normal, 580 Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low blood count, syndrome of, 660 665 clinical presentation of, 660 661 consultation and disposition in, 664 665 diagnostic studies in, 662, 663 differential diagnosis of, 661 662 etiology of, 661 management in, 662 663 prognosis and complications of, 663 664 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and, 655 656, 694 695 Hemostasis, normal, 677 pathophysiology of, 691, 716 717 Hemphilia, bleeding in, 681 682 management of, 683 684 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 665 668, 697 Hypercalcemia of malignancy, 517 521 clinical manifestations of, 518 519 management of, 519 521 pathophysiology of, 517 518 pharmacologic therapies in, 521 Hyperleukocytosis, in children with cancer, 539 540 Hyperviscosity/hyperleukocytosis, in acute leukemia, 588 Hyperviscosity syndrome, 503 504, 606 607
743 I Immune thrombocytopenia, 693 694 Immune thrombocytopenia purpura, 656 660 clinical presentation of, 657 diagnostic studies in, 658 disposition in, 660 etiology of, 657 in children, 659 660 management of, 658 659 prognosis in, 660 Infection, gastrointestinal, in children with cancer, 536 537 in children with cancer, 542 Intracranial tumors, in children, 530 531 Intussusception, in children with cancer, 536 L Leukemia, acute, 579 596 classification of, 581 coagulopathic complications of, 585 588 complications of, emergency management of, 591 592 diagnosis of, 588 589 epidemiology of, 581 hyperviscosity/hyperleukocytosis in, 588 life-threating presentations of, 585 588 pathophysiology of, 579 581 prognosis in, 581 stem cell transplantation in, 591 treatment of, 588 589 acute myelogenous, 579, 581 582 initial presentation of, 583 treatment of, 589 590 acute promyelocytic, initial presentation of, 584 treatment of, 590 acute promyelocytic differentiation syndrome, 592 chronic myelogenous, 602 physical examination in, 603, 604 605 treatment and prognosis in, 608 in children, 584, 585 treatment of, 591 initial presentation of, 582 584 lymphoblastic, 579, 582 initial presentation of, 584 treatment of, 590 591 promyelocytic, 582 Liver disease, severe, coagulation cascade disorders and, 700 702 Lung injury, acute, transfusion-related, 732 733, 734 M Mechanical emergencies, oncologic, 495 508 Metabolic emergencies, oncologic, 509 525
744 Microangiopathies, thrombotic (TTP, HUS, HELLP), 571, 649 671 Myelofibrosis, primary, 602 physical examination in, 603, 605 606 treatment and prognosis in, 603, 605 606 Myeloproliferative disorders, 597 612 definitions of, 598 emergent complications and treatment of, 609 imaging in, 603 overlapping, genetic disturbances leading to, 600 physical examination in, 602 606 problem of, 597 598 N Nephropathy, in sickle cell disease, 639 640 Neuroblastoma, 529, 530 Neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced, 570, 571 Neurotoxicity, chemotherapy agents causing, 569 571 Neutropenic fever, 549 561 antibiotic treatment in, 556 557 causes of, 551 553, 557 definitions of, 550 551 diagnostic testing in, 555 556 disposition in, 558 559 history and physical examination in, 554 555 mortality associated with, 553 patients at risk for, 549 risk stratification in, 558, 559 syndromes of, 553 O Oncologic emergencies, pediatric, 527 548 Osteonecrosis, in sickle cell disease, 640 Osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma, features of, 532 P Pain, in sickle cell disease, 633 635, 641 Pediatric oncologic emergencies, 527 548 Pericardial tamponade, 496 498 Platelet disorders, 693 Platelet inhibitors, 695 696 Platelets, as blood products, 728 Polycythemia vera, 600 601 erythromelalgia from, 600, 601 physical examination in, 602, 603 604 treatment and prognosis in, 606 607 Priapism, in sickle cell disease, 640 Protamine sulfate, in anticoagulant reversal, 720 Prothrombin complex concentrate, 697 698 in anticoagulant reversal, 720 721 Pulmonary embolism, in sickle cell disease, 639
745 Pulmonary hypertension, in sickle cell disease, 637, 638 Pulsus paradoxus, how to check, 497 R Rasuricase, in tumor lysis syndrome, 515 516 Recombinant Factor VII, in anticoagulant reversal, 721 722 Renal disease, bleeding tendency in, 693 Renal failure, acute, and dialysis, in tumor lysis syndrome, 516 517 Retinoblastoma, 529 Retinopathy, proliferative, in sickle cell disease, 640 S Seizures, in children with cancer, 543 544 Sepsis, transfusion-associated, and infection transmission, 733 735 Sickle cell disease, clinical presentation of, 632 641 epidemiology of, 630 632 genotypes and phenotypes of, 632 history of, 630 in emergency department, 529 647 pathophysiology of, 630, 631 treatment of, 642 643 Spinal cord compression, malignant, 502 503 in children with cancer, 534 535 Splenic sequestration, in sickle cell disease, 640 Stem cell transplantation, in acute anemia, 591 Stool patterns, altered, in children with cancer, 536 Superior vena cava syndrome, 498 499 in children with cancer, 534 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, in children with cancer, 542, 543 T Thrombin inhibitors, oral direct, coagulation cascade disorders and, 704 706 Thrombocytopenia, 649 651 chemotherapy-induced, 565 567 definition of, 650 differential diagnosis of, 650 651 essential, 601 602 physical examination in, 602, 604 heparin-induced, 697 in children with cancer, 538 539 platelet transfusion in, 566 567 Thrombolytic reversal, 723 724 Thrombosis, in children with cancer, 539 Thrombotic microangiopathies (TTP, HUS, HELLP), 571, 649 671 Thrombotic thrombocytopenia, 693 694 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, 651 656 and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 655 656, 694 695 clinical presentation of, 651 652 complications of, 654 655
746 Thrombotic (continued ) diagnostic studies in, 652 653 disposition in, 656 etiology of, 652, 653 in pregnancy, 654 laboratory values in, 654 management plan in, 653 654 prognosis of, 655 Tumor lysis syndrome, 509 517, 567 568 acute renal failure and dyalysis in, 516, 517 Cairo-Bishop classification of, 510 511, 512 clinical manifestations of, 511 513 definition of, 510 hyperkalemia in, 511, 516 hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia in, 513, 516 hyperuricemia in, 513 in children, antihyperuricemia agents in, 515 516 in children with cancer, 540 542 management of, 514 hydration of, 515 pathogenesis of, 511 risk factors for development of, 516 517 U Urate oxidase, recombinant, in tumor lysis syndrome, 515 516 V Vaso-occlusive crisis, in sickle cell disease, 632 633 Vitamin K, in anticoagulant reversal, 717 720 Vitamin K antagonists, coagulation cascade disorders and, 700 702 von Willebrand disease, 675 677, 678 emergency roon presentation of, 682 inhibitors of, 685 management of, 684 685 W Warfarin, drug-drug and drug-diet interactions, 701 over-anticoagulation, treatment of, 719 reversal of, guidelines for, 702 Wilms tumor, 530