Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute lung injury (ALI) transfusion-related, 363 372. See also Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) ALI. See Acute lung injury (ALI) Anemia described, 345 346 in ICU, 333 343 epidemiology of, 333 334 severity of, 346 treatment of, 340 342 EPO in, 350 357 erythropoietic agents in, 341 hepcidin antagonists in, 342 iron therapy in, 341 342 red cell transfusions in, 340 341 of inflammation described, 338 in ICU with concurrent iron deficiency, 338 339 pathophysiology of, 334 338 described, 334 335 genes involved in hepcidin regulation in, 338 iron absorption in, 335 336 iron homeostasis regulation in, 336 338 iron transport and storage in, 336 predilection for, 346 prevalence of, 345 346 Anti-Xa inhibitors indirect pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 430 431 Anticoagulant(s) newer agents, 427 451 bleeding due to management of, 443 444 indirect anti-xa inhibitors overdosing/underdosing of, 442 LMWHs overdosing/underdosing of, 441 443 Crit Care Clin 28 (2012) 469 478 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0704(12)00046-2 criticalcare.theclinics.com 0749-0704/12/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
470 Index Anticoagulant(s) (continued) oral agents overdosing/underdosing of, 442 443 perioperative interruption of, 444 445 pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials apixaban, 436 437 argatroban, 431 433 bivalirudin, 434 dabigatran, 434 435 desirudin, 433 434 fondaparinux, 430 431 indirect anti-xa inhibitors, 430 431 lepirudin, 433 LMWHs, 427 430 oral agents, 434 437 parenteral DTIs, 431 434 rivaroxaban, 435 436 special considerations, 441 443 in VTE prevention, 437 441 Antithrombin in massive or refractory bleeding management in ICU, 421 422 Apixaban pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 436 437 Argatroban pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 431 433 B Bivalirudin pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 434 Bleeding anticoagulants and management of, 443 444 massive or refractory management of in ICU, 413 426 antithrombin, 421 422 evolving considerations, 421 422 plasma therapy, 414 416 prothrombin complex concentrates, 416 419 recombinant activated factor VII, 419 421 rivaroxaban, 421 422 C CAPS. See Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) plasmapheresis in, 457, 458
Index 471 Clotting factors impaired synthesis of ICU management of, 390 391 Coagulation global markers for for DIC diagnostic scoring system, 376 377 Coagulation disorders liver-related ICU management of, 389 398 coagulopathy, 392 394 DIC, 391 impaired synthesis of clotting factors, 390 391 practical considerations in, 394 395 thrombocytopenia, 389 390 thrombosis risk, 391 Coagulopathy ICU management of, 392 394 cryoprecipitate in, 394 desmopressin in, 394 eltrombopaq in, 392 393 fresh frozen plasma in, 393 394 platelet transfusion in, 392 recombinant activated factor VII in, 393 thrombopoietin-based agents in, 392 393 vitamin K in, 394 Critically ill patients. See also specific types, disorders, medications plasmapheresis in, 453 468. See also Plasmapheresis, in critical illness thrombocytopenia in, 399 411. See also Thrombocytopenia, in ICU Cryoprecipitate in coagulopathy management in ICU, 394 D Dabigatran pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 434 435 Desirudin pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 433 434 Desmopressin in coagulopathy management in ICU, 394 Diagnostic scoring system for DIC utility of, 373 388. See also Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diagnosis of, diagnostic scoring system in DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) parenteral pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 431 434
472 Index Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) diagnosis of diagnostic scoring system in, 373 388 described, 378 379 historical background of, 373 374 ISTH nonovert, 380, 381 ISTH overt, 380, 381 JAAM, 380, 382 384 JMHW, 384 laboratory tests for, 376 378 coagulation assessment, 376 377 fibrinolysis assessment, 376 377 molecular markers, 376 platelet count assessment, 376 377 need for better method for, 374 376 treatment of in ICU, 391 plasmapheresis in, 456 standard definition of need for, 375 376 treatment of need for, 374 375 Drug(s) thrombotic microangiopathies associated with plasmapheresis in, 458 DTIs. See Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) E Eltrombopaq in coagulopathy management in ICU, 392 393 End-stage liver disease (ESLD) thrombocytopenia in, 389 390 EPO. See Erythropoietin (EPO) Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in ICU, 345 362 EPO, 350 357 iron, 346 350 Erythropoietic agents for anemia in ICU, 341 Erythropoietin (EPO) for anemia in ICU, 341, 350 357 pleiotropic effects of, 355, 357 studies of, 352 354, 356 ESLD. See End-stage liver disease (ESLD) F Fibrinolysis global markers for
Index 473 for DIC diagnostic scoring system, 376 377 Fondaparinux pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 430 431 Fresh frozen plasma in coagulopathy management in ICU, 393 394 Fulminant hepatic failure with hemolysis Wilson s disease in plasmapheresis in, 458 459 G Gene(s) in hepcidin regulation in pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation in ICU, 338 Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive plasmapheresis in, 461 H Hematopoietic stem cell transplant associated thrombotic microangiopathy plasmapheresis in, 457 458 Hemolysis fulminant hepatic failure with Wilson s disease in plasmapheresis in, 458 459 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) atypical plasmapheresis in, 455 456 typical plasmapheresis in, 455 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) plasmapheresis in, 461 462 Heparin(s) low-molecular-weight. See Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) diagnosis of, 402 404 increased platelet destruction associated with, 402 405 overdiagnosis of problems related to, 404 405 suspected or confirmed treatment of, 404 Hepcidin regulation of genes involved in in pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation in ICU, 338 Hepcidin antagonists in anemia in ICU management, 342 HIT. See Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) HLH. See Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) HUS. See Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
474 Index I ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU) Immune-mediated platelet destruction increased platelet destruction associated with, 402 Indirect anti-xa inhibitors pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 430 431 overdosing/underdosing of, 442 Intensive care unit (ICU) anemia in, 333 343. See also Anemia, in ICU erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in, 345 362. See also Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, in ICU liver-related coagulation disorders in management of, 389 398. See also Coagulation disorders, liver-related, ICU management of massive or refractory bleeding in management of, 413 426. See also Bleeding, massive or refractory, management of, in ICU newer anticoagulants in, 427 451. See also Anticoagulant(s), newer agents, in critically ill patients plasmapheresis in role of, 453 468. See also Plasmapheresis, in critical illness thrombocytopenia in, 399 411. See also Thrombocytopenia, in ICU International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) nonovert DIC scoring system, 380, 381 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) overt DIC scoring system, 380, 381 Iron absorption of in pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation in ICU, 335 336 in anemia in ICU management, 341 342 anemia related to in ICU, 346 350 deficiency of anemia of inflammation with, 338 339 homeostasis of regulation of in pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation in ICU, 336 338 transport and storage of in pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation in ICU, 336 ISTH. See International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) J JAAM. See Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) DIC diagnostic scoring system, 380, 382 384 Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMHW) DIC diagnostic scoring system, 384 JMHW. See Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMHW)
Index 475 L Lepirudin pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 433 Liver disease vitamin K deficiency in, 391, 394 Liver failure acute fulminant plasmapheresis in, 459 plasmapheresis in, 458 459 Liver-related coagulation disorders ICU management of, 389 398. See also Coagulation disorders, liver-related, ICU management of LMWHs. See Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) overdosing/underdosing of, 441 443 pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 427 430 in VTE prevention, 437 441 M Microangiopathy(ies) thrombotic. See Thrombotic microangiopathies Molecular markers for DIC diagnostic scoring system, 376 Multiple organ failure thrombocytopenia-associated plasmapheresis in, 457 N Neurologic disorders plasmapheresis in, 460 Non-HIT immune thrombocytopenia increased platelet destruction associated with, 405 Nonimmune thrombocytopenia increased platelet destruction associated with, 405 406 P Parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 431 434 Plasma separation from whole blood techniques for, 454 Plasma therapy in massive or refractory bleeding management in ICU, 414 416 Plasmapheresis in critical illness, 453 468 indications for, 454 462
476 Index Plasmapheresis (continued) CAPS, 457, 458 DIC, 456 hematopoietic stem cell transplant associated thrombotic microangiopathy, 457 458 HLH, 461 462 HUS atypical, 455 456 typical, 455 liver failure, 458 459 neurologic disorders, 460 renal disorders, 461 RPGN, 461 SLE, 458 solid organ transplantations, 459 460 TAMOF, 457 thrombotic microangiopathies, 454 458 drug-associated, 458 TTP, 455 vasculitides, 458 techniques of separating plasma from whole blood, 454 Platelet(s) decreased production of thrombocytopenia secondary to in ICU, 406 407 dysfunction of ICU management of, 390 immune-mediated destruction of increased platelet destruction associated with, 402 increased destruction of thrombocytopenia in ICU and disorders associated with, 402 406 HIT, 402 405 immune-mediated platelet destruction, 402 non-hit immune thrombocytopenia, 405 nonimmune thrombocytopenia, 405 406 Platelet count assessment of for DIC diagnostic scoring system, 376 377 Platelet transfusion in coagulopathy management in ICU, 392 Prothrombin complex concentrates in massive or refractory bleeding management in ICU, 416 419 R Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) plasmapheresis in, 461 Recombinant activated factor VII in coagulopathy management in ICU, 393 in massive or refractory bleeding management in ICU, 419 421
Index 477 Red cell transfusions in anemia in ICU management, 340 341 Renal disorders plasmapheresis in, 461 Rivaroxaban for massive or refractory bleeding, 421 422 pharmacology and evidence from clinical trials, 435 436 RPGN. See Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) S SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Solid organ transplantations plasmapheresis in, 459 460 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plasmapheresis in, 458 T TAMOF. See Thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF) Thrombocytopenia, 399 411 in ESLD, 389 390 heparin-induced increased platelet destruction associated with, 402 405. See also Heparininduced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in ICU, 399 411 during admission prognostic significance of, 401 402 causes of, 400 401 incidence of, 399 management of, 389 390 platelet destruction due to disorders associated with, 402 406 prevalence of, 399 risk factors for, 400 401 secondary to decreased production of platelets, 406 407 immune non-hit increased platelet destruction associated with, 405 nonimmune increased platelet destruction associated with, 405 406 Thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF) plasmapheresis in, 457 Thromboembolism venous prevention of anticoagulants in ICU for, 437 441 Thrombopoietin-based agents in coagulopathy management in ICU, 392 393
478 Index Thrombosis risk of ICU management of, 391 Thrombotic microangiopathies drug-associated plasmapheresis in, 458 hematopoietic stem cell transplant associated plasmapheresis in, 457 458 plasmapheresis in, 454 458 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) plasmapheresis in, 455 TRALI. See Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) Transfusion(s) red cell in anemia in ICU management, 340 341 Transfusion reactions, 363 372. See also Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), 363 372 clinical manifestations of, 367 369 defined, 364 described, 363 364 diagnosis of, 367 369 pathogenesis of, 364 365 pathophysiology of, 364 365 prevention of, 369 risk factors for, 365 367 greater number of transfusions related, 365 patient-related, 366 367 transfusion-related, 365 366 treatment of, 369 Transplantation(s) solid organ plasmapheresis in, 459 460 TTP. See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) V Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention of anticoagulants in ICU for, 437 441 Vitamin K in coagulopathy management in ICU, 394 deficiency of in liver disease, 391, 394 VTE. See Venous thromboembolism (VTE) W Whole blood separating plasma from techniques for, 454 Wilson s disease in fulminant hepatic failure with hemolysis plasmapheresis in, 458 459