Agenda Whole Milk Considerations Trends Pathogens Nutrient Variation Protein: Fat Vitamins and Minerals Managing Supply Managing Consistency Balance,

Agenda Whole Milk Considerations Trends Pathogens Nutrient Variation Protein: Fat Vitamins and Minerals Managing Supply Managing Consistency Balance, Fortify, Extend to make a good thing better

Whole Milk Consumption on The Climb A growing trend shows half of all dairy calves consume some portion of whole milk in their liquid diet Deemed nature s most perfect food Need to optimize consistency Need to optimize nutrient value

Major Considerations Maximizing Waste Milk Quality Garbage In = Garbage Out Pasteurization Kill majority of bacteria Keep the pasteurizer clean and operational Post-pasteurization milk handling Nutrition Management Managing Nutrient Variation Managing Supply Shortfalls

Average Bacteria Counts 3,162,278 CFU/mL 100,000 CFU/mL 10,000 CFU/mL

Pathogens of Concern Can be shed in the milk or arise through environmental contamination Salmonella spp. E. coli Mycoplasma bovis Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne s) Sources of contamination Pre-pasteurized waste milk Improper pasteurization Post-pasteurization handling

Goals for Pasteurized Waste Milk Cleanliness Total Plate Count (TPC) < 20,000 cfu / ml Total Coliform Count < 1,000 cfu / ml Total E. Coli Counts < 100 cfu / ml WVDL Guidelines, 2009 Take Home: Check routinely (monthly?) Collect samples and analyze them

Managing Nutrient Variation

Nutritional Consistency Source of hospital milk leads to an inconsistent product Transition milk milk from cows that have recently calved Higher in fat, protein and total solids Hospital milk milk from treated/sick cows Variable Solids

Nutrient Variation of Waste Milk Wisconsin Field Study 31 dairies or calf ranches 1 sample per farm Nutrient Mean Range Protein, % as-fed 3.51 2.89-5.10 Fat, % as-fed 3.90 2.79-4.70 Protein, % dry matter 28.1 23.1-40.8 Fat, % dry matter 31.2 22.3-37.6 Jorgensen et al., 2006; Prof. Anim. Sci.

Nutrient Variation of Waste Milk Total Solids, % 15 10 5 0 Total Solids of Waste Milk Samples Delivered to CA Calf Ranch Moore et al., 2009; J. Dairy Sci. Sample ID

Managing Nutrient Variation Limit flush water Avoid dilution of total solids Sufficient agitation Prevent variation in fat intake Monitor total solids with refractometer (is there a better way?) Correct deficiencies with MR Extender/Balancer

Monitoring Total Solids Brix Refractometers Brix refers to scale Brix values for milk range between 5-15 Brix values need to be converted to milk total solids (Brix reading*0.9984)+2.077 Brix readings are best measured pre-pasteurization

Monitoring Total Solids Brix Reading Total Solids, % 5 7.07 6 8.07 7 9.07 8 10.06 9 11.06 10 12.06 For whole milk TS = 0.9984(Brix) + 2.077 Essentially Brix + 2 For milk replacer Values differ from whole milk Need to develop a standard curve 11 13.06 12 14.06 13 15.06 14 16.05 15 17.05

Balancing Protein: Fat

Balancing Protein: Fat Feeding whole milk to calves results in a high fat diet relative to protein whole milk is about 25% protein and 30% fat on a dry matter basis Protein in the feed promotes structural growth. High fat in the milk feed has a satiety effect which can limit starter grain intake

Balancing Protein: Fat A protein: fat ratio >1 helps prevent protein as the limiting nutrient (1.4 is ideal) An abundance of energy, lends to grow fat calves Protein leads to structural growth height and length = frame This is particularly true at higher feeding rates At lower feeding rates, the inverse is observed where energy can be the limiting factor

Balancing Protein: Fat In the NRC model, when calculating just the milk portion, at high feeding rates, protein level is limiting Adding in a milk powder that is higher in protein the energy adjusted gain (E-AG) is close to equaling the apparent digestible protein adjusted gain (ADP-AG) When equal, there is neither an overfeeding of energy or protein

Balancing Protein: Fat Balancing Protein: Fat 125# calf, 68 degrees F, no starter calculated DM # E-AG ADP-AG Whole Milk 2.2 2.03 1.88 Whole Milk 1.5 25:8 25-8 enhancer balancer 0.7 1.86 1.87 With Starter 125# calf, 68 degrees F, starter calculated DM # E-AG ADP-AG Whole Milk 2.2 Starter 18% P 0.3 2.23 2.02 Whole Milk 1.5 25:8 25-8 enhancer balancer 0.7 2.06 2.01 Starter 18% P 0.3

Balancing Protein: Fat Which Milk Replacer/Balancer Should I use?

Managing Nutrient Consistency

Whole milk may not meet the NRC trace mineral requirements for the calf... Manganese NRC requirement 18.1 mg. Provides 0.13 mg,^ 0.7% of NRC Zinc NRC is 18.1 mg. Provides 12 mg,^ 66%. Copper NRC is 4.53 mg. Provides 0.27 mg,^ 6% Iron NRC 45.4 mg. Provides 1.2 mg,^ 2.6% Cobalt NRC 0.05 mg. Provides 0.002 mg,^ 4% Iodine NRC 0.23 mg. Provides 0.07 mg,^ 30% ^ = NRC 2001. NRC reports no b-vitamin levels for whole milk * = USDA SR-21 for 3.25% fat milk (vitamin D used whole milk)

Why are Trace Mineral Reserves so Critical?

Whole milk may not meet the NRC vitamin requirements for the calf... Vitamin A NRC requirement 5,218 IU. Provides 5216 IU,^ 100% of NRC Vitamin E NRC is 23 IU. Provides 3.6 IU,^* 16% of NRC Vitamin D3 NRC is 272 IU. Provides 139 IU^ or zero,* 0% to 51% B1, Thiamin NRC is 2.95 mg. Provides 1.6 mg,* 54% B3, Niacin NRC 4.54 mg. Provides 4 mg,* 88% B6, Pyridoxine NRC 2.95 mg. Provides 1.6 mg,* 54% B12 NRC 31.8 mcg. Provides 17.2 mcg,* 54% B9, Folic Acid NRC 0.23 mg. Provides 0.2 mg,* 87% ^ = NRC 2001. NRC reports no b-vitamin levels for whole milk * = USDA SR-21 for 3.25% fat milk (vitamin D used whole milk)

Managing Supply

James and Scott, 2006 Waste Milk Supply - Variation

Managing Waste Milk Supply Dairies typically only have 30 to 60% of the milk needed to feed heifer calves, which leads to: Sort high somatic cell count cows Phase feeding Feed young calves milk replacer, feed older calves pasteurized waste milk or vice versa Extend with MR and water Supplement saleable whole milk Not economical MR solids less expensive than whole milk solids Milk Price 4 = Breakeven price for milk replacer Calves NEED Consistency!

Managing Consistency

Why is consistency important? Calf has to learn from something or someone Mother or surrogate mother (calf feeders/managers/caretakers) When the mother is the teacher, by definition there is a long time to learn the lessons several months When we remove the mother and shorten weaning to 60 +/- days, there is more urgency for the calf and the caretaker to get the lessons right It matters if a calf is reared alone or if they are raised in group settings

Research from British Columbia: Nina Von Keyserlingk

Calves learn best when not alone Calves raised individually in hutches More attention needed to be consistent When weaned and grouped, keep in mind training needs Group raised calves-auto feeders Backgrounding as individuals Benefits when raised in a group Starter intake Weaning

Consistency What does it mean? Milk Starter grain Water Feeding time Feeding amounts Bedding Pen changes Lock ups Water location Curb in the pen

Milk Brand Ingredients, flavor Concentration and Volume Inaccurate dispensing buckets Inaccurate mixing Free choice feeders variable intakes Auto feeders variable intakes WM variable solids Feeding temperature 100-105 F year around Bottles vs. buckets Transition to buckets Nipple variation

Consistency WM vs MR Hill et.al. Trial 1 Treatment A: Milk Replacer (MR) only Protein 21%, Fat 21% Treatment B: Half whole milk (WM), half MR as in Treatment A Treatment C: WM only Result ADG, starter intake, feed efficiency, hip change and body condition score greater for Treatment A versus Treatment B and C Conclusion MR feeding provided improvement in nutrient concentration consistency

Consistency WM vs MR Hill et.al. Trial 2 Treatment A: MR Protein 27%, Fat 31% fed 1.5 pounds solids daily Treatment B: Same MR as Treatment A fed 1.5 pounds average Days 1-7: 1.50, 1.50, 1.20, 1.66, 1.50, 1.80, 1.34 pounds respectively Result Treatment A calves gained 20% more body weight Maintained body weight after weaning and consumed more starter Conclusion Consistency in daily solids fed results in better calf performance

Starter Grain Calves are innately curious Providing grain very early takes advantage of that curiosity Rumen size is very small at birth so small amounts of grain are relatively large compared to rumen size. Three goals: Get calf accustomed to presence of starter Initiate rumen development as early as possible Keep starter fresh and same formulation don t provide a reason to perceive a change Consider using shallow dish initially since calves are reluctant to reach to the bottom of the pail with their mouth. May not be as important if calves are fed milk in buckets compared to bottles

Water Thirst is a physiological drive Given an opportunity, calves will drink water Can calves stay hydrated with milk alone? Depends on volume of milk Depends on ambient temperature, shade, wind = environment Some believe so at the expense of the future weaning Esophageal groove Exists in pre-weaned calf to divert milk to the abomasum and water to the developing rumen. Why? Rumen development is initiated and enhanced with a combination of feed and water Bottom line: Calves need water for hydration and for rumen development Consistently providing them water at predictable times will train them to drink and to contribute to their rumen development Train them to drink clean water and they will respond to it during their entire life.

Feeding times Times per day and interval Twice daily Every 12 hours or something different consequences? Every 12 hours, calf will have a more consistent hunger sensation Irregular 6 am and 4 pm feeding Summer = not as great a demand during 14 hour interval over night Winter = 14 hour interval is more variable during very cold nights and moderately cold nights creating a higher level of inconsistency and hunger Will starter intake increase during this scenario? Recall that starter intake is impacted by water intake and water buckets are likely frozen. Three and 4 times per day More physiologically normal what if interval at 6 am, noon and 6 pm?

Feeding amounts Volume and concentration (% solids) Limitation of 2 quart bottles Fresh cows (beef or dairy) produce high solids, high volume and then taper off over time recall weaning times of 6 weeks vs. 6 months. Goal typically is high total solids either through more volume and/or more solids in first 30 days If both, then water and starter intake may be limited so extra effort to train calf to eat and drink other than liquid diet Gelsinger et.al. 2016 JDS

Balance Fortify Extend Making a Good Thing Better

Whole Milk Balancer Solutions A Balancer helps: Balance protein:fat ratio Adds a higher level of protein Provides a minimal amount of fat Balance solids level Acts as fortifier Increases total liquid volume

Whole Milk Fortifier Solutions A Fortifier helps: Add vitamins and minerals deficient in whole milk Can contain specialty additives like: Larvacide for fly control Medication for Coccidiosis protection Plasma Mannan oligosaccharides (yeast cell wall extract) Direct fed microbials Essential oils Does not contribute to milk volume, protein or energy

Whole Milk Extender Solutions An extender helps: Add volume to whole milk when powder is blended with whole milk and water Total solids targets must be monitored and maintained Fortifies with additional vitamins and minerals Rate is often variable and does not always meet the daily needs of the calf When a complete milk replacer is needed because whole milk is unavailable for one or more feedings

Balancing

Inverse relationship between liquid and starter intake Gelsinger et.al. 2016 JDS

Low fat milk and starter = improved gains Kuehn JDS 1994

Jenkins Study Partial Budget Milk $/cwt.: $ 15.00 Milk $/cwt.: $ 22.00 Milk powder $/lb.: $ 1.25 Milk powder $/lb.: $ 1.50 Starter $/ton: $ 525.00 Starter $/ton: $ 525.00 Control 1:1 1:3 Control 1:1 1:3 Total DM 63.2 67.50 67.8 Total DM 63.2 67.50 67.8 WM, kg d.m. (12.6%) 17.9 9.4 4.7 WM, kg d.m. (12.6%) 17.9 9.4 4.7 Powder d.m. 7.1 10.7 Powder d.m. 7.1 10.7 Starter, kg d.m. 15.9 18.3 19.5 Starter, kg d.m. 15.9 18.3 19.5 WM, lbs. a.f. 312.5 164.1 82.1 WM, lbs. a.f. 312.5 164.1 82.1 MR, lbs. 15.6 23.5 MR, lbs. 15.6 23.5 Starter Cost $ 9.18 $ 10.57 $ 11.26 Starter Cost $ 9.18 $ 10.57 $ 11.26 Milk Cost $ 46.88 $ 44.14 $ 41.73 Milk Cost $ 68.76 $ 59.54 $ 53.36 Total Cost $ 56.06 $ 54.71 $ 53.00 Total Cost $ 77.94 $ 70.11 $ 64.63 Difference $ - $ (1.35) $ (3.07) Difference $ - $ (7.83) $ (13.32)

Arizona Study, 2009. 180 head each group

Ziegler et.al. 2015 Abstract M399

Ziegler, et.al., 2016 Abstract 1213

Calculators for Consistency

Gallons of Whole Milk Required: 90 Target Solids: 13% Refractometer range: 0.2 Gallons Milk Available Range: 5 Estimated As Fed Protein and Fat % Whole Milk Protein % Average for Ranges of 26.6% 3.25 Gallons Milk Refractometer reading: 9 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 Refractometer Fat % 30.3% 3.7 Available 50 Protein % Fat % Balancer Pounds of powder 53 52 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 46 45 44 43 Protein % 24% 25.4% 19.2% Gallons of water 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 Fat % 7% 55 Pounds of powder 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 Gallons of water 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 25.5% 19.8% 60 Pounds of powder 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 31 Gallons of water 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 25.5% 20.6% 65 Pounds of powder 39 38 37 36 35 34 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 Gallons of water 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 25.6% 21.4% 70 Pounds of powder 34 33 32 31 30 28 27 26 25 24 22 21 20 Gallons of water 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 25.7% 22.4% 75 Pounds of powder 30 28 27 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 15 14 Gallons of water 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 25.9% 23.5% 80 Pounds of powder 25 24 22 21 19 18 17 15 14 13 11 10 8 Gallons of water 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 26.0% 24.7% 85 Pounds of powder 20 19 17 16 14 13 11 10 9 7 6 4 3 Gallons of water 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 26.2% 26.2% 90 Pounds of powder 15 14 12 11 9 8 6 5 3 2 0-2 -3 Gallons of water -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.4% 27.9% 95 Pounds of powder 11 9 7 6 4 3 1-1 -2-4 -6-7 -9 Gallons of water -6-6 -6-5 -5-5 -5-5 -5-5 -5-4 -4 26.6% 29.9% 100 Pounds of powder 6 4 3 1-1 -3-4 -6-8 -9-11 -13-15 Gallons of water -11-10 -10-10 -10-10 -10-9 -9-9 -9-9 -9 26.9% 32.4% 105 Pounds of powder 1-1 -2-4 -6-8 -10-11 -13-15 -17-19 -20 Gallons of water -15-15 -15-15 -15-14 -14-14 -14-14 -14-13 -13 27.2% 35.5%

Inputs for calculating the powder needed to meet the feeding goals Estimate the gallons of whole milk required per feeding Enter gallons of whole milk available for this feeding: 90 Find Gallons of Quarts/feeding 3.00 4.00 3.00 Total Water Enter the refractometer reading of this milk: 11.1 # calves 40 80 40 160 Gallons of milk required: 140 Click after each change # gallons required 30.0 80.0 30.0 140.0 Pounds This the number of gallons prepared: 140 Add this many pounds or scoops of balancer into the milk/water mix: 61.15 This is the excess gallons prepared: 0 Add this many pounds or scoops of extender into the milk/water mix: 0.00 Total pounds of powder added: 61.15 13.5% Enter the % total solids you want to feed. Gallons of water: 44.90 100.0% Enter the % of balancer you need to achieve your Protein/Fat ratio. 3.5% Enter the estimated % Protein of your whole milk. Protein Fat Ratio 4.2% Enter the estimated % Fat of your whole milk. This is the dry matter protein and fat of the original whole milk: 26.6% 32.1% 0.83 Optional: Enter the weight of one scoop of powder in pounds. This is the dry matter protein and fat of the final solution fed: 25.6% 22.6% 1.13 Milk replacer powders: Protein % Fat % Balancer 24.0% 7.0% Extender 20.0% 20.0%

Example whole milk calculator Inputs for calculating the powder needed to meet the feeding goals Estimate the gallons of whole milk required per feeding Enter gallons of Whole Milk for this feeding: 33 Find Gallons of Quarts/feeding 4.0 3.0 3.5 Total Water Enter the refractometer reading of this milk: 9 # calves 100 0 0 100 Gallons of milk required for this feeding: 100 # gallons required 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pounds This the number of gallons prepared: 100 Add this many pounds or scoops of balancer into the milk/water mix: 81 This is the excess gallons prepared: 0 Add this many pounds or scoops of extender into the milk/water mix: 0 Total pounds of powder added: 81 13.0% Enter the % total solids you want to feed. Gallons of water: 60.3 100.0% Enter the % of balancer you need for target Protein/Fat ratio. 3.2% Enter the estimated % Protein of your whole milk. Protein Fat Ratio 3.7% Enter the estimated % Fat of your whole milk. This is the dry matter protein and fat of the original whole milk: 29.1% 33.6% 0.86 Optional: Enter the weight of one scoop of powder in pounds. This is the dry matter protein and fat of the final solution fed: 25.4% 14.4% 1.76 Milk replacer powders: Ambient Temp. ⁰F. 60 Whole Milk Only Energy Allowable Gain (ADG): 2.06 lbs./day Protein % Fat % Body weight lbs. 100 Whole Milk Only ADP Allowable Gain (ADG): 1.90 lbs./day Balancer 24.0% 7.0% Feedings/day 2 Average Pounds of solids fed/head/day: 1.89 Extender 20.0% 20.0% Final Solution Fed Energy Allowable Gain (ADG): 1.97 Final Solution Fed ADP Allowable Gain (ADG): 1.96 Average Pounds of solids fed/head/day: 2.24 lbs./day lbs./day

Calf Solutions BalanSure Contains 24% protein and 7% fat to help ensure lean gain Designed to enhance the nutrition of pasteurized milk with the addition of necessary vitamins and minerals. All-milk protein for optimal digestibility. Two formulas- with Bovatec for control of coccidiosis or nonmedicated Available seasonally with ClariFly larvicide to prevent the development of house, stable, face and horn flies in the manure of treated calves.

Calf Solutions Whole Milk AddVantage Fortifies pasteurized whole milk with vitamins and minerals at a low 20 g. inclusion rate per calf per day. Contains beneficial bacteria specifically developed for use in the neonatal calf. Formulated with yeast cell wall extract (MOS) to support intestinal health. Medicated with Bovatec for control of coccidiosis. Available seasonally with ClariFly larvicide to prevent the development of house, stable, face and horn flies in the manure of treated calves.

Whole Milk Extender Solutions An extender helps: Add volume to whole milk when powder is blended with whole milk and water Fortifies with additional vitamins and minerals When a complete milk replacer is needed

Calf Solutions Extender 21-18 WPL nm Contains 21% protein and 18% fat Minimizes pasteurized milk supply inconsistencies Plasma, wheat & milk protein ingredients Highly fortified with vitamins and essential trace minerals Feed alone or in combination with pasteurized milk Available in a 50 lb. white bag with a green tag Non-medicated

In Summary Whole Milk is a good source of nutrition, but there are several sources of potential variation: Sanitation Nutrient content Solids Protein and fat Vitamins and minerals Supply Consistency Ways to make a good thing better: Balance Fortify Extend

Questions?