Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in India, 439 440 pediatric, global approach to, 420 424 core resources in low- and middle-income countries, 423 future directions, 423 424 incidence, 420 treatment and outcomes, 421 423 Acute myelogenous leukemia, in India, 439 440 pediatric, global approach to, 424 Acute promyelocytic leukemia, in China and Hong Kong, 451 453 revolution in treatment of, 451 453 all-trans retinoic acid, 451 452 arsenic trioxide, 452 453 Africa, sub-saharan, hematology in, 457 475 blood transfusions in, 470 471, 483 484 bone marrow depression or aplasia, 465 466 hemostasis and thrombosis, 468 470 anticoagulation therapy, 469 coagulopathies, 468 469 hemophilia, 470 low prothrombin and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, 469 470 snake bite, 469 thromboembolic disease, 469 von Willebrand disease, 470 platelet disorders, 468 vascular purpura, 468 red cell disorders, 458 465 anemia, 458 459 hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly, 461 in pregnancy, 460 461 inherited red cell disorders, 461 462 iron deficiency anemia, 461 malaria causing anemia, 459 460 nutritional anemia, 464 465 sickle cell disease in, 343 358, 462 463 bottlenecks in care of, 349 350 causes of death in children with, 346 349 bacteremia, 348 349 malaria, 346 348 future of, 349 future priorities for, 351 natural history of, 346 Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 30 (2016) 513 527 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8588(16)30009-0 hemonc.theclinics.com 0889-8588/16/$ see front matter ª 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
514 Africa (continued ) origins of sickle mutation, 344 345 present and future global burden, 327 341 specific treatments in, 351 352 African trypanosomiasis, hematologic changes associated with, 408 409 All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), for acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment in China and Hong Kong, 451 453 American trypanosomiasis, hematologic changes associated with, 408 Anemia, estimating the global burden of, 247 308 methods, 248 251 results, 251 301 summary and discussion, 301 304 hemolytic, related to G6PD deficiency and, 373 393 in India, 434 435 nutritional, 434 other, 435 in sub-saharan Africa, 458 461 iron deficiency, 461 malaria and, 459 460 nutritional, 464 465 folate deficiency, 465 iron deficiency, 464 vitamin B 12 deficiency, 465 pregnancy and, 460 461 iron deficiency, diagnosis and prevention at the population level, 309 325 malarial, 401 403 prevalence and multiple causes in the developing world, 234 236 Anthelmintic therapy, in prevention and control of anemia, 314 Anticoagulation therapy, in sub-saharan Africa, 469 Aplasia, in sub-saharan Africa, 465 466 Aplastic anemia, geographic variability in distribution and expression of, 242 Arsenic trioxide, for acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment in China and Hong Kong, 453 453 Asia, control and management of thalassemias in, 369 371 global issues, 369 370 in other regions of, 359 362 Thailand, 359 362 B Bacteremia, in children with sickle cell disease in sub-saharan Africa, 348 349 Bartonellosis, hematologic changes associated with, 410 411 Blood disorders. See Hematologic disorders. Blood transfusion, hematology practice and, in sub-saharan Africa, 457 475 in developing countries, 477 495 blood-borne infections, 478 479 improvements, 484 489 developing national transfusion service in Nigeria, 484 485 Ebola pandemic in West Africa, 488 in blood supply, 485 486 in clinical use of blood, 487 488
515 in screening for blood-transmitted infections, 486 meeting financial requirements of transfusion services, 486 putting WHO objectives into practice, 484 research in transfusion medicine, 488 489 safety and supply, 478 supply and usage, 480 484 blood donors, 480 481 focus on sub-saharan Africa, 483 484 systems, 483 use of blood products, 481 483 testing blood products, 480 Bone marrow depression, in sub-saharan Africa, 465 466 Bone marrow response, defective, associated with severe malaria, 401 403 Burden of disease, global, of anemia, 247 308 global, of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 327 341 C Capacity building, in global approach to pediatric hematologic malignancies, 419 Chagas disease, hematologic changes associated with, 408 Children. See also Pediatrics. HIV in, in developing countries, hematologic changes associated with, 237 238 risks of iron supplementation in, 315 318 clinical trials data, 315 316 diarrhea, 317 318 infection, 315 malaria, 316 317 China, hematological practice in Hong Kong and, 445 456 burden of hematological disease in, 446 developing strategies, 453 genetic hematologic disorders in, 446 449 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 449 hemophilias, 448 449 thalassesmias, 446 448 haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in, 453 health care systems in, 446 malignant hematologic diseases in, 449 452 acute promyelocytic leukemia, 451 453 different patterns of lymphomas, 449 natural killer/t-cell lymphomas, 449 451 other T-cell lymphoid malignancies, 451 Chronic kidney disease, estimating global burden of anemia due to, 247 308 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in sub-saharan Africa, 467 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, pediatric, global approach to, 425 Chronic myeloid leukemia, in sub-saharan Africa, 467 Coagulation disorders, associated with severe malaria, 403 in sub-saharan Africa, 468 469 inherited disorders, in India, 436 Consanguinity, effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 332
516 D Dengue, in the tropics, hemostatic failure in, 240 241 Developing countries. See also specific countries and regions. blood transfusion in, 477 495 blood-borne infections, 478 479 improvements, 484 489 developing national transfusion service in Nigeria, 484 485 Ebola pandemic in West Africa, 488 in blood supply, 485 486 in clinical use of blood, 487 488 in screening for blood-transmitted infections, 486 meeting financial requirements of transfusion services, 486 putting WHO objectives into practice, 484 research in transfusion medicine, 488 489 safety and supply, 478 supply and usage, 480 484 blood donors, 480 481 focus on sub-saharan Africa, 483 484 systems, 483 use of blood products, 481 483 testing blood products, 480 challenges and complexity of blood disorders in, 233 246 anemia, prevalence and multiple causes of, 234 236 geographic variability in hematologic diseases, 241 243 aplastic anemia, 242 disorders unique to certain countries, 242, 243 hereditary blood disorders, 242 lymphoma and leukemia, 241 242 hemostatic failure as manifestation of systemic disease in the tropics, 240 241 dengue, 240 241 other viral hemorrhagic fevers, 241 infections in the tropics, hematologic changes associated with, 236 238 childhood HIV, 237 238 hookworm, 237 malaria, 236 schistosomiasis, 237 trypanosomiasis, 237 visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), 237 malabsorption in the tropics, hematologic aspects of, 238 240 tropical eosinophilia, 238 Diarrhea, increased risk of, with iron supplementation, 317 318 E Ebola virus, immunity in West African survivors of, 488 Eosinophilia, tropical, 238 Epidemiologic transition theory, effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 333 Erythrocytes, decreased deformability, in severe malaria, 400
517 F Favism, G6PD deficiency hemolytic anemia, due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 373 393 Favism. See Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Ferritin, for iron status measurement at population level, 318 320 Fevers, viral hemorrhagic in the tropics, hemostatic failure in, 240 241 dengue, 240 241 others, 241 Folate deficiency, anemia due to, in sub-saharan Africa, 465 G Gastrointestinal conditions, estimating global burden of anemia due to, 247 308 Geographic variability, in distribution and expression of hematologic diseases, 241 243 aplastic anemia, 242 disorders unique to certain countries, 242, 243 hereditary blood disorders, 242 lymphoma and leukemia, 241 242 Global hematology, 233 512 anemia, global burden of, 247 308 methods, 248 251 results, 251 301 summary and discussion, 301 304 blood transfusion in developing countries, 477 495 blood-borne infections, 478 479 improvements, 484 489 developing national transfusion service in Nigeria, 484 485 Ebola pandemic in West Africa, 488 in blood supply, 485 486 in clinical use of blood, 487 488 in screening for blood-transmitted infections, 486 meeting financial requirements of transfusion services, 486 putting WHO objectives into practice, 484 research in transfusion medicine, 488 489 safety and supply, 478 supply and usage, 480 484 blood donors, 480 481 focus on sub-saharan Africa, 483 484 systems, 483 use of blood products, 481 483 testing blood products, 480 complexity and challenges in developing countries, 233 246 anemia, prevalence and multiple causes of, 234 236 geographic variability in hematologic diseases, 241 243 aplastic anemia, 242 disorders unique to certain countries, 242, 243 hereditary blood disorders, 242 lymphoma and leukemia, 241 242 hemostatic failure as manifestation of systemic disease in the tropics, 240 241 dengue, 240 241
518 Global (continued) other viral hemorrhagic fevers, 241 infections in the tropics, hematologic changes associated with, 236 238 childhood HIV, 237 238 hookworm, 237 malaria, 236 schistosomiasis, 237 trypanosomiasis, 237 visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), 237 malabsorption in the tropics, hematologic aspects of, 238 240 tropical eosinophilia, 238 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), 373 393 animal models and drug screening, 384 386 biochemistry of, 374 376 clinical manifestations of, 381 384 epidemiology and malaria selection, 380 381 evolution, 379 380 management of, 384 molecular-genetic basis of, 376 379 testing for, and malaria control, 386 387 hematologic changes due to infections in the tropics, 395 415 bartonellosis, 410 411 hookworm, 409 410 malaria, 396 406 clinical management of, 405 406 hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndromes, 404 405 in pregnancy, 403 404 in splenectomized patients, 404 severe, 397 403 schistosomiasis, 407 trypanosomiasis, 408 409 visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), 406 407 in Hong Kong and China, 445 456 burden of hematological disease in, 446 developing strategies, 453 genetic hematologic disorders in, 446 449 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 449 hemophilias, 448 449 thalassesmias, 446 448 haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in, 453 health care systems in, 446 malignant hematologic diseases in, 449 452 acute promyelocytic leukemia, 451 453 different patterns of lymphomas, 449 natural killer/t-cell lymphomas, 449 451 other T-cell lymphoid malignancies, 451 in India, 433 444 disorders of hemostasis and coagulation, 436 437 inherited coagulation disorders, 436 qualitative disorders of platelets, 436 437 thrombotic disorders, 436
disorders of red cells, 434 435 hereditary hemochromatosis, 435 nutritional anemias, 434 other anemias, 435 thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies, 435 hematologic malignancies, 437 441 acute leukemias, 439 440 lymphoproliferative neoplasms, 440 441 multiple myeloma, 440 myeloproliferative disorders, 437 439 in sub-saharan Africa, 457 475 blood transfusion, 470 471 bone marrow depression or aplasia, 465 466 hemostasis and thrombosis, 468 470 anticoagulation therapy, 469 coagulopathies, 468 469 hemophilia, 470 low prothrombin and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, 469 470 snake bite, 469 thromboembolic disease, 469 von Willebrand disease, 470 platelet disorders, 468 vascular purpura, 468 red cell disorders, 458 465 anemia, 458 459 hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly, 461 in pregnancy, 460 461 inherited red cell disorders, 461 462 iron deficiency anemia, 461 malaria causing anemia, 459 460 nutritional anemia, 464 465 sickle cell disease, 462 463 white blood cell disorders, 466 468 adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, 467 468 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 467 chronic myeloid leukemia, 467 malignant, 466 467 inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 327 341 awareness and recognition of global health burden, 330 332 current health burden, 334 336 factors affecting health burden of, 332 334 future health burden, 336 337 structural hemoglobin variants, 328 329 thalassemias, 329 330 iron deficiency anemia, 309 325 epidemiology, 309 311 framework for control, 312 313 measurement of iron status in public health context, 318 320 other measures for control, 313 318 making improvements in resource-limited settings, 497 512 clinical services, 498 502 519
520 Global (continued) expansion of medical education, 498 499 improved delivery of care, 499 502 laboratory services, 502 510 steps to implement quality improvement, 503 510 pediatric hematologic malignancies, 417 432 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 420 424 acute myelogenous leukemia, 424 capacity building through twinning, 419 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 425 Hodgkin lymphoma, 425 426 non-hodgkin lymphoma, 426 427 role of essential medicines, 418 419 sickle cell disease in sub-saharan Africa, 343 358 bottlenecks in care of, 349 350 causes of death in children with, 346 349 bacteremia, 348 349 malaria, 346 348 future of, 349 future priorities for, 351 natural history of, 346 origins of sickle mutation, 344 345 specific treatments in, 351 352 thalassemias, 359 371 global issues, 369 370 in other regions of Asia, 362 369 in Thailand, 359 362 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), 373 393 animal models and drug screening, 384 386 biochemistry of, 374 376 clinical manifestations of, 381 384 epidemiology and malaria selection, 380 381 evolution, 379 380 in China and Hong Kong, 373 393 management of, 384 molecular-genetic basis of, 376 379 testing for, and malaria control, 386 387 Gynecologic conditions, estimating global burden of anemia due to, 247 308 H Hematologic disorders. See also Global hematology and specific disorders. challenges and complexity of, in developing countries, 233 246 anemia, prevalence and multiple causes of, 234 236 geographic variability in hematologic diseases, 241 243 aplastic anemia, 242 disorders unique to certain countries, 242, 243 hereditary blood disorders, 242 lymphoma and leukemia, 241 242 hemostatic failure as manifestation of systemic disease in the tropics, 240 241 dengue, 240 241
other viral hemorrhagic fevers, 241 infections in the tropics, hematologic changes associated with, 236 238 childhood HIV, 237 238 hookworm, 237 malaria, 236 schistosomiasis, 237 trypanosomiasis, 237 visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), 237 malabsorption in the tropics, hematologic aspects of, 238 240 tropical eosinophilia, 238 Hematologic malignancies, in China and Hong Kong, 449 452 acute promyelocytic leukemia, 451 453 different patterns of lymphomas, 449 natural killer/t-cell lymphomas, 449 451 other T-cell lymphoid malignancies, 451 in India, 437 41 acute leukemias, 439 440 lymphoproliferative neoplasms, 440 441 multiple myeloma, 440 myeloproliferative disorders, 437 439 pediatric, global approach to, 417 432 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 420 424 acute myelogenous leukemia, 424 capacity building through twinning, 419 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 425 Hodgkin lymphoma, 425 426 non-hodgkin lymphoma, 426 427 role of essential medicines, 418 419 Hemochromatosis, hereditary, in India, 435 Hemoglobin, global burden of inherited disorders of, 327 341 awareness and recognition of global health burden, 330 332 current health burden, 334 336 factors affecting health burden of, 332 334 future health burden, 336 337 structural hemoglobin variants, 328 329 thalassemias, 329 330 Hemoglobinopathies, estimating global burden of anemia due to, 247 308 in India, 435 Hemolysis, associated with severe malaria, 398, 400 401 immune complex-mediated, 400 401 massive intravascular, 400 role of, 398 Hemolytic anemia, due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 373 393 Hemophilias, in China and Hong Kong, 448 449 in sub-saharan Africa, 470 Hemorrhagic fevers, in the tropics, hemostatic failure in viral, 240 241 dengue, 240 241 others, 241 Hemostasis, qualitative disorders of, in India, 436 437 Hereditary blood disorders, geographic variability in distribution and expression of, 242 hemochromatosis, in India, 435 521
522 Hodgkin lymphoma, pediatric, global approach to, 425 426 Hong Kong, hematological practice in China and, 445 456 Hookworm, hematologic changes associated with, 237, 409 410 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood, in developing countries, hematologic changes associated with, 237 238 Human migrations, effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 333 Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly, in sub-saharan Africa, 461 I Immune complex-mediated hemolysis, associated with severe malaria, 400 401 India, hematologic disorders unique to, 243 hematological practice in, 433 444 disorders of hemostasis and coagulation, 436 437 inherited coagulation disorders, 436 qualitative disorders of platelets, 436 437 thrombotic disorders, 436 disorders of red cells, 434 435 hereditary hemochromatosis, 435 nutritional anemias, 434 other anemias, 435 thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies, 435 hematologic malignancies, 437 441 acute leukemias, 439 440 lymphoproliferative neoplasms, 440 441 multiple myeloma, 440 myeloproliferative disorders, 437 439 Infection, increased risk of, with iron supplementation, 315 Infections, estimating global burden of anemia due to, 247 308 in children with sickle cell disease in sub-saharan Africa, 348 349 in the tropics, hematologic changes associated with, 236 238, 395 415 bartonellosis, 410 411 childhood HIV, 237 238 hookworm, 237, 409 410 malaria, 236, 396 406 clinical management of, 405 406 hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndromes, 404 405 in pregnancy, 403 404 in splenectomized patients, 404 severe, 397 403 schistosomiasis, 237, 407 trypanosomiasis, 237, 408 409 visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), 237, 406 407 risks of, from transfusions in developing countries, 479 blood-borne infections, 479 other infections, 479 Inherited disorders, of hemoglobin, global burden of, 327 341 awareness and recognition of global health burden, 330 332 current health burden, 334 336 factors affecting health burden of, 332 334 future health burden, 336 337
523 structural hemoglobin variants, 328 329 thalassemias, 329 330, 359 371 red cell, in sub-saharan Africa, 461 463 sickle cell disease, 462 463 Iron deficiency anemia, diagnosis and prevention at the population level, 309 325 epidemiology, 309 311 framework for control, 312 313 future directions, 320 321 iron status measurement in public health context, 318 320 other measures for control, 313 318 anthelmintic therapy, 314 delayed cord clamping, 313 effects of supplementation on functional health outcomes, 314 315 iron enrichment of cooked foods, 314 malaria control, 313 risks of iron supplementation, 315 318 clinical trials data, 315 316 diarrhea, 317 318 infection, 315 malaria, 316 317 other, 318 estimating the global burden of, 247 308 in India, 434 in sub-saharan Africa, 461, 464 K Kala-azar, hematologic changes associated with, 237, 406 407 L Laboratory hematology, in resource-limited settings, 502 510 steps to quality improvement in, 503 510 Leishmaniasis, visceral, hematologic changes associated with, 237, 406 407 Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic, pediatric, global approach to, 420 424 core resources in low- and middle-income countries, 423 future directions, 423 424 incidence, 420 treatment and outcomes, 421 423 acute myelogenous, pediatric, global approach to, 424 acute promyelocytic, in China and Hong Kong, 451 453 all-trans retinoic acid for, 451 452 arsenic trioxide for, 452 453 acute, in India, 439 440 chronic myelogenous, pediatric, global approach to, 425 geographic variability in distribution and expression of, 241 242 in sub-saharan Africa, 466 468 adult T-cell, 467 468 chronic lymphocytic, 467 chronic myeloid, 467 Lymphoma, geographic variability in distribution and expression of, 241 242
524 Lymphoma (continued) Hodgkin, pediatric, global approach to, 425 426 in China and Hong Kong, 449 451 natural killer/t-cell, 449 451 other 1 lymphoid malignancies, 451 non-hodgkin, pediatric, global approach to, 426 427 Lymphoproliferative neoplasms, in India, 440 441 M Malabsorption, in the tropics, hematologic aspects of, 238 239 Malaria, control of, in prevention of anemia, 313 effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 332 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and, 373 393 hematologic changes associated with, 236, 396 406 clinical management of, 405 406 hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome, 404 405 in pregnancy, 403 404 in splenectomized patients, 404 life cycle of, 396 397 severe, 397 403 coagulation abnormalities, 403 decreased erythrocyte deformability, 400 defective marrow response, 401 403 immune complex-mediated hemolysis, 400 401 malarial anemia, 398 massive intravascular hemolysis, 400 role of hemolysis, 398 role of spleen, 399 400 in sub-saharan Africa, anemia and, 459 460 in children with sickle cell disease, 346 348 increased risk of, with iron supplementation, 316 317 Malignancies, hematologic, in China and Hong Kong, 449 452 acute promyelocytic leukemia, 451 453 different patterns of lymphomas, 449 natural killer/t-cell lymphomas, 449 451 other T-cell lymphoid malignancies, 451 in India, 437 41 acute leukemias, 439 440 lymphoproliferative neoplasms, 440 441 multiple myeloma, 440 myeloproliferative disorders, 437 439 in sub-saharan Africa, 466 468 adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, 467 468 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 467 chronic myeloid leukemia, 467 pediatric, global approach to, 417 432 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 420 424 acute myelogenous leukemia, 424 capacity building through twinning, 419 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 425
525 Hodgkin lymphoma, 425 426 non-hodgkin lymphoma, 426 427 role of essential medicines, 418 419 Migrations, human, effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 333 Multiple myeloma, in India, 440 Myeloproliferative disorders, in India, 437 439 N Natural killer/t-cell lymphomas, in China and Hong Kong, 449 451 advances in, 450 epidemiology and pathology, 449 monitoring of treatment outcome, 450 prognostication of, 450 451 treatment of, 450 Newborn screening, for inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 334 Nigeria, development of national transfusion service in, 484 485 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pediatric, global approach to, 426 427 Nutritional anemia, in India, 434 in sub-saharan Africa, 464 465 folate deficiency, 465 iron deficiency, 464 vitamin B 12 deficiency, 465 P Pediatrics. See also Children. global approach to hematologic malignancies, 417 432 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 420 424 acute myelogenous leukemia, 424 capacity building through twinning, 419 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 425 Hodgkin lymphoma, 425 426 non-hodgkin lymphoma, 426 427 role of essential medicines, 418 419 Platelet disorders, in sub-saharan Africa, 468 vascular purpura, 468 qualitative, in India, 436 437 Population stratification, effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 334 Pregnancy, malaria and anemia in, 403 404 in sub-saharan Africa, 460 461 Public health, iron status measurement in context of, 318 320 Q Quality improvement, in laboratory hematology in resource-limited settings, 503 510 R Resource-limited settings, improving laboratory and clinical hematology in, 497 512 Retinoic acid, all trans, for acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment in China and Hong Kong, 451 453
526 S Schistosomiasis, hematologic changes associated with, 237, 407 Sickle cell disease, in sub-saharan Africa, 343 358, 462 463 bottlenecks in care of, 349 350 causes of death in children with, 346 349 bacteremia, 348 349 malaria, 346 348 future of, 349 future priorities for, 351 natural history of, 346 origins of sickle mutation, 344 345 specific treatments in, 351 352 present and future global burden, 327 341 Snake bite, coagulation disorders due to, in sub-saharan Africa, 469 Soluble transferring receptor, for iron status measurement at population level, 318 320 Spleen, role of, in severe malaria, 399 400 Splenectomized patients, malaria in, 404 Splenomegaly, hyperactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome, 404 405 hyperreactive malarial, in sub-saharan Africa, 461 Stratification, population, effect on health burden of inherited disorders of hemoglobin, 334 Sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa, sub-saharan. T T-cell lymphomas, in China and Hong Kong, 449 451 natural killer cell/t-cell lymphomas, 449 451 other T-cell lymphoid malignancies, 451 in sub-saharan Africa, 468 Thailand, control and management of thalassemias in, 359 362 hematologic disorders unique to, 243 Thalassemias, improving laboratory and clinical hematology in resource-limited settings, 497 512 in China and Hong Kong, 446 448 in India, 435 present and future global burden, 327 341 progress toward control and management, 359 371 global issues, 369 370 in other regions of Asia, 362 369 in Thailand, 359 362 progress toward control and management of, 359 371 Thromboembolic disorders, in sub-saharan Africa, 469 Transferrin saturation, for iron status measurement at population level, 318 320 Transfusion medicine, in developing countries, research directions in, 488 489 See also Blood transfusions. Tropics, infections in, hematologic changes associated with, 236 238, 395 415 bartonellosis, 410 411 childhood HIV, 237 238 hookworm, 237, 409 410 malaria, 236, 396 406 clinical management of, 405 406
527 hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome, 404 405 in pregnancy, 403 404 in splenectomized patients, 404 severe, 397 403 schistosomiasis, 237, 407 trypanosomiasis, 237, 408 409 African, 408 409 American (Chagas disease), 408 visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), 237, 406 407 Trypanosomiasis, hematologic changes associated with, 237, 408 409 African, 408 409 American (Chagas disease), 408 V Vascular purpura, in sub-saharan Africa, 468 Viral hemorrhagic fevers, in the tropics, hemostatic failure in, 240 241 dengue, 240 241 others, 241 Vitamin B 12 deficiency, anemia due to, in sub-saharan Africa, 465 Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, deficiencies of, in sub-saharan Africa, 469 von Willebrand disease, in sub-saharan Africa, 470 W White blood cell disorders. See Leukemias and Lymphomas. World Health Organization (WHO), objectives for blood transfusion, 484 X X-linked genetic polymorphisms, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 373 393