FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS Global estimates of drug use All illicit drug use Problem drug use** Annual prevalence (%)* 5.3 (3.3-7.3) 0.6 (0.3-0.9) Number of users (millions)* 255 (158-351) 29.5 (15.3-43.1) Cannabis 3.8 183.3 (2.7-4.9) (128.1-237.7) Opioids (opiates and prescription opioids) 0.7 (0.6-0.9) 35.0 (28.3-42.7) Opiates 0.37 17.7 (0.27-0.49) (12.9-23.6) Cocaine 0.35 17.1 (0.27-0.46) (13.0-22.3) Amphetamines 0.77 37.0 (0.30-1.24) (14.5-59.7) Ecstasy 0.45 21.6 (0.19-0.71) (9.3-34.1) * The prevalence (%) and numbers have been rounded ** Those who engage in high risk consumption of drugs, e.g, people who inject drugs, use drugs on a daily basis and/or people diagnosed with drug use disorders based on clinical criteria contained in ICD-10 or DSM V. Joint UNODC/UNAIDS/WHO/World Bank estimates of people who inject drugs and living with HIV People who inject drugs Prevalence (%) 0.25 (0.18-0.36) Number of people (millions) 11.8 (8.6-17.4) HIV among PWID 13.1 1.6 (0.9-3.2) Drug-related mortality Rates of drug-related deaths per million population aged 15-64 years Number of drug-related deaths 39.6 (24.0-47.7) 190,900 (115,900-230,100) 1
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 183 Number of past-year users in 35 million million million cannabis opioids amphetamines & prescription stimulants 37 22 million ecstasy 18 million opiates 12 million people inject drugs 17 million cocaine 1.6 million people who inject drugs are living with HIV 6.1 million are living with hepatitis C 1.3 million are living with both hepatitis C and HIV 2
FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS 28 million healthy years of life lost as a result of drug use 17 million healthy years of life lost as a result of drug use disorders drug use disability premature death 28 million healthy years of life lost years of life lost drug use DALYs = birth years of healthy life lost as a result of disability DALYs attributed to drug use 17 million DALYs attributed to drug use disorders 10 million years of life lost as a result of disability caused by drug use + expected life years years of life lost as a result of premature death 18 million years of life lost as a result of premature death caused by drug use More years of "healthy" life lost (DALYs) as a result of hepatitis C than of HIV among people who use drugs premature death drug use years of life lost premature death years of life lost birth DALYs attributed to hepatitis C expected life years birth DALYs attributed to HIV expected life years 0.1 million years lost as a result of disability 6.2 million years lost as a result of premature death 0.2 million years lost as a result of disability 2.8 million years lost as a result of premature death 3
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 Among people who use drugs, more die from hepatitis C than from HIV Past-year prevalence of drug use is higher in prison than among the general population drug use in prison 20% 5.3% drug use among the general population 222,000 hepatitis C deaths 60,000 HIV deaths Higher rate of increase in the burden of disease from drug use disorders among women than among men +25% +19% 2005 2005 4
FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS OPIATES Global cultivation 8% Global seizures change from previous year change from previous year 11% opium -5% heroin -54% morphine most recent estimate Global production change from previous year 6,380 of opium 304,800 ha = 4,300 processed into heroin 2,080 consumed as opium 427,000 x 448 of heroin produced 2016 34% 2016 587 opium 80 heroin Global number of users opioid users opiate users 9.6 morphine 35 million 17.7 million Notes: Data on cultivation and production/manufacture refer to 2016. Data on seizures and numbers of users refer to. Seizures of different substances are of varying purity. Estimates of cultivation and eradication of opium poppy, production of opium, manufacture of heroin and prevalence of opioids and opiates use are available in the annex of booklet 2. 5
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 Map 1 Main opiate trafficking flows, 2011- SOUTH AMERICA Netherlands WESTERN, CENTRAL AND SOUTH EASTERN WEST SOUTHERN Turkey Persian Gulf area & Middle East Russian Federation EAST CENTRAL Islamic Afghanistan Republic of Iran China Pakistan Pakistan Canada United States of America Mexico Colombia India Myanmar Lao PDR SOUTH-EAST OCEANIA Canada Caucasus Guatemala Nigeria Kenya Tanzania (United Republic of) India Heroin trafficking generated by production in Latin America Heroin trafficking generated by production in Myanmar/Lao People s Democratic Republic Most frequently mentioned transit countries of opiates produced in Afghanistan Balkan route Northern route Southern route 0 1,000 2,000 km Sources: UNODC elaboration, based on responses to annual report questionnaire and individual drug seizure database. Notes: The trafficking flows are determined on the basis of country of origin/departure, transit and destination of seized drugs as reported by Member States in the annual report questionnaire and individual drug seizure database: as such, they are to be considered as broadly indicative of existing trafficking routes while several secondary flows may not be reflected. Flow arrows represent the direction of trafficking: origins of the arrows indicate either the area of manufacture or the one of last provenance, end points of arrows indicate either the area of consumption or the one of next destination of trafficking. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). 6
FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS COCAINE Global cultivation change from previous year 18% Global seizures change from previous year 31% most recent estimate () 156,500 ha = 219,000 x 864 cocaine as seized Global production change from previous year 19% 1,125 pure cocaine Global number of users 17.1 million 7
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 Map 2 Main cocaine trafficking flows, 2011- Australia SOUTH-EAST Australia Canada United States of America Mexico Guatemala CENTRAL AMERICA Costa Rica CARIBBEAN Panama Colombia Ecuador Peru Main trafficking Other trafficking Most frequently mentioned countries of provenance as reported by countries where cocaine seizures took place Dominican Republic Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Chile Trinidad and Tobago Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Paraguay Argentina Portugal Netherlands Belgium WESTERN AND CENTRAL Source: UNODC elaboration, based on responses to annual report questionnaire and individual drug seizure database. Spain WEST Ghana Nigeria Notes: The trafficking flows are determined on the basis of country of origin/departure, transit and destination of seized drugs as reported by Member States in the annual report questionnaire and individual drug seizure database: as such, they are to be considered as broadly indicative of existing trafficking routes while several secondary flows may not be reflected. Flow arrows represent the direction of trafficking: origins of the arrows indicate either the area of manufacture or the one of last provenance, end points of arrows indicate either the area of consumption or the one of next destination of trafficking. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). South Africa Qatar United Arab Emirates WEST AND SOUTH China Hong Kong, China Australia Colombia Peru Brazil Panama United States of America Brazil Chile 0 1,000 2,000 km 8
FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS CANNABIS Global seizures change from previous year -2% herb 6% resin Global number of users 5,781 cannabis herb 1,536 cannabis resin 183 million Note: Data refer to. Estimates of illicit cultivation, production and eradication of cannabis and prevalence of cannabis use are available in the annex of booklet 2 9
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 SYNTHETIC DRUGS Global seizures change from previous year 21% methamphetamine 8% amphetamine -35% ecstasy -39% synthetic NPS 132 methamphetamine Global number of users ecstasy users 52 amphetamine * Excludes GBL, ketamine and other medicines. 22 million 6 ecstasy 23 synthetic NPS* users of amphetamines and prescription stimulants 37 million 10
WESTERN AND CENTRAL EASTERN FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS Map Interregional 3 Interregional trafficking flows trafficking of methamphetamine, flows of 2012- methamphetamine, 2012- EAST AND SOUTH-EAST OCEANIA Denmark EASTERN Lithuania Netherlands Germany Poland Belgium Czechia NORTH France AMERICA Switzerland SOUTH- United States of America Mexico Significant flows within region CENTRAL AMERICA Countries most frequently reported as origin/departure, transit or destination Methamphetamine flows reported by a high number of countries Methamphetamine flows reported by a low number of countries SOUTH AMERICA Source: UNODC, responses to annual report questionnaire, 2012-. WESTERN AND CENTRAL Note: The origins of the flow arrows do not necessarily indicate the source/manufacture of methamphetamine. Flow arrows represent the direction of methamphetamine trafficking and are not an indication of the quantity trafficked. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. Islamic Republic of Iran Russian Federation China Myanmar Hong Kong, Thailand China Malaysia Japan Philippines Australia 0 1.000 2.000 km Source: UNODC, responses to annual report questionnaire, 2012-. Note: The origins of the flow arrows do not necessarily indicate the source/manufacture of methamphetamine. Flow arrows represent the direction of methamphetamine trafficking and are not an indication of the quantity trafficked. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. NORTHERN SOUTHERN CENTRAL AND TRANSCAUCN COUNTRIES NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST/ SOUTH-WEST SOUTH EAST AND SOUTH-EAST OCEANIA 11
WESTERN RN AND CENTRAL TRAL SOUTH- EASTERN WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 Map 4 Interregional trafficking flows of ecstasy, 2012- Interregional trafficking flows of ecstasy, 2012- EAST AND SOUTH-EAST OCEANIA Canada United States of America Significant flows within region Countries most frequently reported as origin/departure, transit or destination Ecstasy flows reported by a high number of countries Ecstasy flows reported by a low number of countries NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA Finland United Kingdom Denmark Latvia Ireland Netherlands Belgium Germany Poland France Austria Hungary Romania Italy Spain NORTHERN WESTERN AND CENTRAL EASTERN Russian Federation CENTRAL AND TRANSCAUCN COUNTRIES NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST/ SOUTH-WEST SOUTH China EAST AND SOUTH-EAST CENTRAL AMERICA Australia OCEANIA 0 1.000 2.000 km Source: UNODC, responses to annual report questionnaire, 2012-. Note: The origins of the flow arrows do not necessarily indicate the source/manufacture of "ecstasy". Flow arrows represent the direction of "ecstasy" trafficking and are not an indication of the quantity trafficked. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line Source: UNODC, responses to annual report questionnaire, 2012-. Note: The origins of the flow arrows do not necessarily indicate the source/manufacture of ecstasy. Flow arrows represent the direction of ecstasy trafficking and are not an indication of the quantity trafficked. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. 12
FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS Number of countries reporting drug seizures, based on 168 countries, 2010-164 153 143 128 cannabis 95 hallucinogens Quantities of drugs seized in 7,317 cannabis (herb/resin) 132 methamphetamine 864 cocaine 113 pharmaceutical opioids cocaine 78 opiates new psychoactive substances 587 opium 90 heroin & morphine amphetamine-type stimulants 67 sedatives, tranquillizers 260 Range of new psychoactive substances continues to grow NPS 483 NPS 57 synthetic NPS* 52 amphetamine 6 ecstasy * 57 of which 34 represent seizures of GBL, ketamine and other medicines, see booklet 4. reported in 2012 reported in 13
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2017 Importance of organized crime groups, European Union drug trafficking over 35 per cent of all organized crime groups involved organized property crime Source: UNODC, adapted from Europol, SOCTA 2017. 2013 Drug trafficking over the darknet still small but fast growing drug transactions DARKNET smuggling of migrants +50% excise fraud increase trafficking in human beings drug transactions <1% DARKNET per year Kristy Kruithof and others, Internet-facilitated Drugs Trade: An Analysis of the Size, Scope and the Role of the Netherlands, Research Report Series (Santa Monica, California, Rand Corporation, 2016). 14
FACT SHEET ON STATISTICS AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUGS Sectors vulnerable to corruption in relation to drugs Supply chain Vulnerable sectors Actors DRUG PRODUCTION Source: EUROSTAT. DRUG TRAFFICKING DRUG CONSUMPTION Eradication teams Alternative development projects Law enforcement (police, customs, etc.) Criminal justice system Chemical companies Law enforcement (police, customs, etc.) Criminal justice system Transport companies Medical doctors Farmers seek to avoid eradication on their fields Farmers and communities seek to benefit from alternative development investment Entrepreneurs seek to sell their products and services Producers and manufacturers seek to avoid controls, dismantlement of production sites and arrest Producers and manufacturers seek to avoid sentencing Manufacturers seek to divert precursor chemicals Traffickers seek to avoid controls, dismantlement of groups and arrest Traffickers seek to avoid sentencing Traffickers seek to ship drugs by air, sea, land Drug users seek to obtain prescriptions for non-medical use of drugs (e.g., opioids, amphetamines, medical cannabis) Pharmacies Drug users seek to obtain medicines without prescription 15