PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1
Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY Neurobiológia alapjai MOTOR SYSTEMS (Motoros rendszerek) ZSOLT LIPOSITS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEMS EXTRAFUSAL STRIATED MUSCLE FIBERS AND ALPHA MOTONEURONS THAT INNER- VATE THEM FORM THE MOTOR UNIT. THE SOMATO-MOTONEURONS ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE BRAIN STEM AND THE SPINAL CORD. COLLECTIVELY, THEY ARE CALLED AS LOWER MOTONEURONS LOWER MOTONEURONS ARE CONTROLLED BY UPPER MOTONEURONS. THE TERM REFERS TO DESCENDING PATHWAYS (CORTICOSPINAL, RUBROSPINAL, TECTOSPINAL, VESTIBULOSPINAL, RETICULOSPINAL TRACTS) THAT REGULATE THE LOWER MOTO- NEURONS EITHER BY A DIRECT OR AN INTERNEURON-MEDIATED MANNER THE MAIN MOTOR SYSTEMS INCLUDE THE MOTOR CORTEX, THE CEREBELLAR MACHINERY AND THE BASAL GANGLIA. THE LATTER TWO SYSTEMS ARE CHANNELED TO THE FRONTAL MOTOR CORTEX VIA THE VENTRAL LATERAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS THE MAIN CORTICAL MOTOR SYSTEM USES THE CORTICOBULBAR AND CORTICO- SPINAL TRACTS FOR EXECUTION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. LESION OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURON PATHWAYS RESULTS IN SPASTIC PARALYSIS, EXAGGERATED STRETCH REFLEX AND SOME ABNORMAL REFLEXES. CEREBELLAR DISORDERS CHANGE THE RATE, DIRECTION, RANGE AND FORCE OF MOVEMENTS. LESIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA ARE MANIFESTED IN DYSKINESIA 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3
THE MOTOR CORTEX THE MOTOR CORTEX IS COMPRISED OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS, AS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CENTER, THE SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX AND THE PREFRONTAL MOTOR CORTEX AND CERTAIN PARIETAL LOBE REGIONS. THE MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE BODY ARE REPRESENTED IN A SOMATOTOPIC FASHION IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (MOTOR HOMUNCULUS) PRECENTRAL GYRUS SUPPLEMETARY MOTOR CORTEX PREMOTOR CORTEX NOTE THE LARGE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HAND AND THE TONGUE 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4
THE CORTICOBULBAR AND CORTICOSPINAL PROJECTIONS THE DESCENDING CORTICOBULBAR MOTOR FIBERS SUPPLY MOTONEURONS OF THE BRAIN STEM, WHILE THE CORTICOSPINAL PROJECTION THAT SPLITS AT THE LEVEL OF THE MEDULLA FEEDS THE LOWER MOTONEURONS OF THE SPINAL CORD VIA THE LATERAL AND ANTE- RIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS. NOTE THE BILATERAL INNERVATION OF THE TRIGEMINAL MOTOR NUCLEUS IN THE PONS. THE CROSSING OF THE MAJORITY OF CORTICOSPINAL AXONS IN THE MEDULLA IS HIGHLIGHTED BY PINK SHADOW 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5
F COURSE OF THE DESCENDING PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY INTERNAL CAPSULE MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA MEDULLA AT CROSSING SITE SPINAL CORD 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6
CORTICOSPINAL PROJECTION WITHIN THE INTERNAL CAPSULE A B ANTERIOR THALAMIC PROJECTION PYRAMIDAL TRACT POSTERIOR THALAMIC PROJECTION OPTIC RADIATION FIGURE A DEPICTS THE DOWNSTREAM COURSE OF CORTICOSPINAL FIBERS. NOTE THE CONVERGENCE (HIGHLIGHTED IN GREEN) TOWARD THE INTERNAL CAPSULE. FIGURE B ILLUSTRATES THE PYRAMIDAL TRACT IN THE GENU OF THE CAPSULE WEDGED BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR THALAMIC PROJECTIONS. THE OPTIC RADIATION IS SHOWN IN GREEN 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7
F ILLUSTRATION OF SOME DESCENDING UPPER MOTONEURON SYSTEMS MEDULLARY RETICULAR FORMATION PONTINE RETICULAR FORMATION LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT IN ADDITION TO PATHWAYS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE, THE SUPERIOR COLLICULI, THE NUCLEUS RUBER, THE INFERIOR OLIVE, NORADRENERGIC AND SEROTONERGIC CELLS GROUPS OF THE BRAIN STEM ALSO SEND PROJECTIONS TO THE CORD 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8
NEURONAL LINKS AND LOCAL CIRCUITS OF THE STRIATUM ENKEPHALIN THE PUTAMEN PART OF THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM THE THALAMUS, CEREBRAL CORTEX, MESENCEPHALON AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA. GLUTAMATE INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS AND CORTEX ARE EXCITATORY, THE DOPAMINE INNERVATION FROM THE SUBS- TANTIA NIGRA IS SUPPOSED TO BE INHIBITORY. THE INPUTS ARE RECEIVED BY SPINY ENKE- PHALIN- AND SUBSTANCE P-ERGIC NEURONS. THEY TRANSMIT THE PROCESSED INFORMATION TO THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS (PALLIDUM) THAT IS THE MAIN EFFERENT STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM. IT SENDS PROJECTIONS TO THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA AND DIFFERENT NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS. THE THALAMUS FEEDS THE INFORMATION BACK TO THE CORTEX 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9
ROLE OF THE STRIATUM IN THE MOTOR SYSTEM 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 1. CEREBRAL CORTEX 2. PUTAMEN 3. PALLIDUM 4. SUBSTANTIA NIGRA 5. SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS 6. THALAMUS (VL) 7. THALAMUS (INTRALAMINAR) 8. PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS NOTE, THAT THE INFORMATION PROCESSED IN THE STRIATUM IS TRANSMITTED TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. THE CORTEX INCORPORATES THE STRIATAL MESSAGE AND CONVEYS THE OUTGOING MOTOR INFORMATION VIA THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10
ROLE OF CEREBELLUM IN CONTROL OF MOVEMENT 1 2 3 4 5 A. GLOBOSE NUCLEUS B. FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS C. DENTATE NUCLEUS B A 10 9 11 C 1. CEREBRAL CORTEX 2. PONTINE NUCLEI 3. INFERIOR OLIVE 4. THALAMUS (VL) 5. RED NUCLEUS 6. RETICULAR FORMATION 7. VESTIBULAR NUCLEI 8. VESTIBULAR GANGLION 9. VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM 10. SPINOCEREBELLUM 11. NEOCEREBELLUM II. 6 I. CORTICOSPINAL 7 8 II. RUBROSPINAL III. RETICULOSPINAL IV. VESTIBULOSPINAL III. IV. 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11
INTEGRATION OF THE DIFFERENT MOTOR SYSTEMS CORTEX MOTOR CORTEX STRIATUM PALLIDUM THALAMUS VA/VL PONS S. NIGRA N. RUBER RETICULAR FORMATION CEREBELLUM SPINAL CORD INF. OLIVE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI LOWER MOTONEURON MUSCLE 11/25/2011. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12