Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), acute bowel injury/acute intestinal distress syndrome and, 293 294 definitions of, 277 278 intra-abdominal hypertension and, 275, 277 278, 280 intra-abdominal pressure, during pregnancy, 288 289 in burn patients, 287 288 in hematological patients, 288 in morbidly obese patients, 288 in pediatric patients, 287 recognition of, clinical awareness in, 277 etiology in, 277 risk factors for, 277, 279 Acute bowel injury, as new concept, 293 294 defined, 294 295 vs. intra-abdominal hypertension, 294 Acute intestinal distress syndrome, defined, 294 295 Amino acid(s), arginine deficiency of, 184 185 effects on wound healing, 186 188 supplementation of, 185 187 branched-chain, 184 glutamine, 184 in wound healing, 183 188 Anesthesia, local, 219, 221 procedural sedation, 218, 221 regional, 219 topical agents, 220 with nitrous oxide, 232 233 Anger management, wound healing and, 204 Antibiotics, intravenous for necrotizing fasciitis, 336 for osteomyelitis, 335 336 for septic arthritis, 333 3334 prophylactic, for bite wounds, 231 for hand surgery, 328 for oral injuries, 231 Arginine, as substrate for nitric oxide, 187 188 deficiency of, 184 185 effects on wound healing, 186 188 supplementation of, 185 187 Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am 24 (2012) 345 354 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5885(12)00042-1 ccnursing.theclinics.com 0899-5885/12/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
346 Index B Biofilms, debridement of, 240 Bite wound management, algorithm for, 230 prophylactic antibiotics for, 231 Burn injuries, treatment of, 174 C Calcium alginate, for wound healing, 258 Carbohydrates, glucose, 181 182 Compartments, interrelationships of, 290 Compartment syndrome(s), 276. See also Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS); Polycompartment syndrome. abdominal, 275 309 cascade of events in, 263 defined, 275 forearm, 261 274 four compartments, 276 in upper limb vs. in lower limb, 311 312 leg or foot, reconstruction of foot after, 311 322 D Debridement, 239 253 as facilitator of wound healing, 241 benefits of, 239 241 clinical practice guidelines for, 243 cultural competence and, 250 evidence-based practice and, 242 243 in wound bed preparation, 240 in wound management, 222 methods for, factors influencing choice of, 244 of acute wounds, 173 of chronic wounds, 175 of wound bed, 241 242 patient education for, 250 purpose of, 240 types and methods for, autolytic, 247 biotherapy, 248 chemical, 246 247 enzymatic, 248 hydrogels, 247 hydrotherapy, 246 mechanical, 245 246 pulsed lavage, 246 surgical, 245 topical substances, 249 wound VAC, 249 Diabetes, surgical site infections and, 325 326 mortality and morbidity from, 325
Index 347 E Essential fatty acids, in wound healing, 182 183 F Fats, in wound healing, 182 183 Feeding(s), regimen for, 192 193 total enteral nutrition, 192 193 total parenteral nutrition, 192 Foot, reconstruction after leg or foot compartment sydrome, 311 322 Foot compartment syndrome, anterior and posterior, 315 complications of, late, 313 314 deformity in, claw toes, 314, 318 319 plantar flexion, 316 varus foot, 318 diagnosis of, delay in, acute phase of care, 314 late, 314 equinus and cavus with heel varus and claw toes in, 314 flexor hallucis longus muscle damage in, 316, 320 late reconstructions, skin problems following, 320 posterior, contracture of, 317 late symptoms in, 316 317 tenotomy for, 317 318 Forearm compartment syndrome, 261 274 anatomy in, cross-section of, 264 musculature in, 263 264 nerves in, 264 265 upper extremity in, 265 Volkmann s ischemic contracture in, 264 causes of, 261 262 chronic, 271 272 diagnosis of, electromyography in, 267 fluid infusion technique in, 266 267 myotonometry, 267 signs in, 265 incidence of, 262 nonoperative treatment of, 267 pathophysiology of, 262 263 arteriovenous pressure gradient differential in, 262 surgical techniques for, fasciotomies of forearm compartments, 268 269 post-procedure care, 269 Volkmann s ischemic contracture following, 270 271 classification of, 269 270 reconstrution techniques, 270-271 G Gauze, impregnated, in wound healing, 257 Glucose, in wound healing, 181 182 H Hair removal, preoperative, 330 Hand injuries, prophylactic antibiotics for, 231
348 Index Hand surgery, prophylactic antibiotics in, 328 Healing, psychological stress impact on. See Psychological stress. Healing agents, 255 260 Hemostasis, in wound healing, 166 167 HIV-positive patients, surgical site infections and, 326 Hydrocolloids, for wound healing, 257 258 Hydrogels, for wound healing, 257 258 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, for wound healing, 259 I Infection, wound healing and, 191 Inflammatory phase, in wound healing, 166 168, 206 207, 256 macrophages in, 167 168 mast cells in, 167 neutrophils in, 167 168 Intra-abdominal hypertension, 275 309 acute bowel injury/acute intestinal distress syndrome and, 293 294 assessment algorithm for, 277, 280 clinical management of, 295 fluid resuscitation in, fluid selection for, 290 291, 293 importance and effects of, 289 290 massive, 292 293 organ dysfunction and mortality and, 292 293 improvement of abdominal wall compliance and, 295 296 management algorithm for, 296 medical treatment of, 295 continuous negative abdominal pressure, 298 correction of capillary leak, 298 evacuation of abdominal fluid collections, 297 29 evacuation of intra-luminal contents, 297 melatonin in, 298 octreotide in, 298 options for, 297 risk factors for, 277, 279 Intra-abdominal pressure. See Abdominal copartment syndrome (ACS). clinical and radiologic examination in, 278 measurement of, continuous, 281 direct, 278, 280 frequency of, 281 in awake patients, 282 in children, 282 indirect, 280 281 patient selection for, 281 technique selection for, 277, 281 pathophysiologic implications, abdominal wall and endocrine, 287 cardiovascular, 284 285 gastrointestinal, 287 hepatic, 285 286 neurologic, 282 283 pulmonary, 285 renal, 286 287
Index 349 Iron, in wound healing, 191 Irrigation, intraoperative, 330 331 in wound management, 219, 220 222 L Leg compartment syndrome, causes of, 312 diagnosis of, errors in, 312 313 failure to, 312 fasciotomies in, 312 313 foot deficit following, 313 314 prevention of, 312 314 M Magnesium, in wound healing, 190 Malnutrition, orthopedic wound infection and, 324 wound healing and, 180 181 protein-energy and protein-calorie, 183 Marital discord, wound healing and, 204 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in surgical site infections, 326 Micronutrients, in wound healing, 190 191 Mucosal wound healing, psychological stress effect on, 203 N Necrotic tissue, debridement of, 240, 242 Necrotizing fasciitis, fluid resuscitation and intravenos antibiotics, 336 mortality from, 336 337 surgical debridement of, 336 types of, 336 nitrous oxide anesthesia, in wound management, 232 233 Nuitritional state, evaluation of, 191 192 Nutrition, and wound healing, 179 200 historical perspective on, 179 180 in wound repair, amino acids and, 183 188 carbohydrates and, 181 182 evaluation of nutritional state and, 191 192 fats and, 182 183 feeding for, 192 193 in infection, 191 malnutrition and, 180 181 micronutrients and, 190 191 protein and, 183 vitamins and, 188 190 O Oral injuries, prophylactic antibiotics for, 231 Osteomyelitis, defined, 334 intravenous antibiotics for, 335 336 presentation of, 334 surgical treatment of, 334 336
350 Index P Pain, wound healing and, 203 Partial thickness wounds, treatment of, 174 Polycompartment syndrome, abdominal compartment syndrome and, 289 interactions between compartments and, 289 290 intra-abdominal hypertension and, 289 Postoperative infection(s), 323 344. See also Surgical site infection(s). necrotizing fasciitis, 336 337 osteomyelitis, 334 336 septic arthritis, 333 334 Proliferation phase, in wound healing, 206, 256 fibroblasts in, 168 169 TGF-, 169 170 Prophylactic antibiotics, algorithm for preoperative use, 329 as risk factor for surgical site infection, 327 329 for acute wounds, 173 175 for bite wounds, 231 for hand injuries, 231 for oral injuries, 231 in hand surgery, 328 Protein, in wound healing, 183 Psychological stress, experimental studies of blister wound model, 203 204 punch biopsy wound model, 202 203 tape stripping disruption of skin barrier, 204 205 impact on wound healing, 201 213 intervention studies of, fluoxetine, 206 physical exericise, 205 206 relaxation, 205 social support, 206 written emotional disclosure, 205 observational studies of, in chronic wounds, 202 in surgical wounds, 202 physiologic pathways of wound healing impairment, catecholamines in, 207 208 cytokine production in, 208 209 glucocorticoids in, 207 infection susceptibility in, 209 matrix metalloproteinase in, 209 oxytocin in, 208 vasopressin in, 208 wound cellularity and, 209 wound hypoxia and, 209 wound healing and, behavioral mechanisms and, 210 R Remodeling phase, in wound healing, 206, 256 metalloproteinase inhibitors in, 171 metalloproteinases in, 171 scar formation in, 170 171
Index 351 Rheumatoid arthritis, management of, TNF-, 327 medications for, as cause, 327 surgical site infections and, comorbidities and, 327 medication-induced, 326 327 S Scar formation, factors in, 231 232 in remodeling phase, 170 171 Septic arthritis management, debridement in, 333 in hand and wrist, 333 in interphalangeal joints of hand, 333 334 in metacarpophalangeal joints, 333 intravenous antibiotics in, 333 334 Silver, for wound healing, 259 Smoking, wound healing and, 324 325 Surgical site infection(s).see also Postoperative infection(s). defined, 323 drains and, closed suction vs. simple conduit, 331 hair removal and, preoperative, 330 intraoperatie wound irrigation and, 330 intraoperative risk factors for, modifiable, 328 management of, cellulitis, 332 differentiation of superficial vs. deep, 331 332 surgical drainage in, 332 wound vacuum-assisted closure in, 332 333 mastectomy with lymph node dissection and, 327 postoperative, 323 337 methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus in, 323 324 Staphylococcus aureus in, 323 preoperative risk factors for, diabetes, 325 326 HIV, 326 malnutrition, 324 mastectomy with lymph node dissection, 327 modifiable, 324 328 MRSA carrier, 325 prophylactic antibiotics, 327 329 RA, 326 327 smoking, 324 325 preoperative skin preparation and, alcohol for, 328 329 chlorhexidine gluconate for, 328 wound irrigation for, pulsatile, 330 with detergent, 330 with povidone-iodine irrigant, 330 Sutures, materials for, 224 225 types of, 123 124 T TGF- in wound healing, 169 170
352 Index V Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), for wound healing, 259 in surgical site infection, 332 333 in wound management, 332 333 septic arthritis, 333 334 Vitamin A, in wound healing, 188 189 Vitamin B complex, in wound healing, 189 Vitamin C, in wound healing, 188 189 Vitamin E, in wound healing, 189 190 Vitamin K, in wound healing, 190 Vitamin(s), in wound healing, 188 190 Volkmann s ischemic contracture, 264 classification of, 269 270 following forearm compartment syndrome, 270 271 reconstruction techniques for, 270 271 W Wound closure, by primary intention vs. secondary intention, 173 Wound healing. See also Wounds. agents for, calcium alginate, 258 hydrocolloids, 258 hydrogels, 257 258 impregnated gauze, 257 nonadherent, 257 silver, 258 259 barriers to, 241 biology of, 206 207 complications in, in diabetic patient, 183 facilitators of, 241 guidelines for acute wounds, 172 174 hyperbaric oxygen therapy for, 259 impediments to, 255, 256 257 mechanisms of, 171 172 delayed primary intention, 172 in dermal wounds, 171 in open wounds, 172 partial thickness healing, 172 primary intention, 171 secondary intention, 171 172 normal and pathologic responses to,acute wounds, 174 175 chronic wounds, 175 nutrition and. See Nutrition. phases of, 165 171, 256 hemostasis, 166 167 inflammatory, 166 168 proliferative, 168 170 remodeling, 170 171 psychological stress and. See Psychological stress. vacuum-assissted closure, 259 wound definition and classification and, 172 Wound healing primer, 165 178
Index 353 Wound management, 215 237 aftercare instructions, 232 anesthesia in, 218 220, 232 233 antibiotics in, 230 231 bites, 230, 231 botulinum toxin in, 233 clinical evaluation in, allergies and immunization history, 217 environmental factors, 216 time to, 216 time to suture, 216 217 closure in, adhesive tapes, 227 materials for, 224 staples for, 224 sutures for, 223 225 techniques of, 223 224 tissue adhesives in, 226 227, 232 types of, 222 cosmesis in, 231 232 diagnostic evaluation, 218 extremities, 228 229 eyebrow, 227 228 eyelid, 228 face, 228, 233 gunshot wounds, 230 hands, 229, 231 hyaluronidase injection in, 233 lip, 228 nail bed, 229 230 oral cavity and mucous membranes, 228, 231 physical examination in, for foreign bodies, 218 motor, 218 neurovaascular, 217 wound depth, 218 pinna, 227 procine small intestinal mucosa in, 233 scalp, 227 therapeutic intervention in, 218 230 wound preparation in, 219, 221 222 Wound(s). See also Wound healing acute blood supply to, 172 173 debridement of, 173 impediments to healing of, 172 primary closure of, 173 prophylactic antibiotics in, 173 174 types of, 174 chronic, 175, 240 barriers to healing, 240 debridement of, 175, 240, 250 guidelines for, 172 174 psychological stress and, 202
354 Index deep, 174 definition and classification of, 172 physiology of, 216 wounds, treatment of Deep, 174 Z Zinc, in wound healing, 190 191