Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 1 Bachelor Nutrition Science Seminar Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Topics Biosynthesis of amino acids 1. Amino acids: general information 2. Nitrogen fixation 3. Biosynthesis of alanine, aspartate and asparagine 4. Biosynthesis of glutamate, glutamine and proline 5. Biosynthesis of arginine 6. Biosynthesis of serine and glycine 7. Metabolism of methionine, cysteine and homocysteine 8. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 1 9. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 2 10. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 3: histidine 11. Biosynthesis and importance of selenocysteine 12. Disorders of amino acid metabolism Metabolism of vitamins 13. Introduction 14. Vitamin C 15. Vitamin E 16. Vitamin K 17. Vitamin D 18. Vitamin A Nuclear receptors 19. An overview of nuclear receptors and RXR 20. Regulation of metabolism by VDR/RXR 21. Regulation of metabolism by RAR/RXR 22. Metabolism of eicosanoids 23. Regulation of metabolism by PPARs/RXR 24. Metabolism and transport of bile acids 25. Biosynthesis of bile acids and regulation of metabolism by FXR/RXR Selected aspects of metabolism 26. Glucose alanine cycle & Cori cycle 27. Glyoxylate cycle 28. Glyceroneogenesis and synthesis of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides 29. Biosynthesis and degradation of sphingolipids 30. Metabolism of branched chain fatty acids Status quo: 9 th April 2013
Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 2 Bachelor Nutrition Science Seminar Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) General requirements Duration of lecture 15 20 minutes Consider the contents of the up coming lectures to avoid repetitive information Suitability of lectures and handout for exam preparation Presentations on biosynthetic pathways should consider the intermediate products Explanation of important regulatory mechanisms at every synthetic step Explanation of multi compartment reaction steps and respective transport processes The required contents listed below may be supplemented with further important aspects which have not been mentioned upon prior consultation. Contents Biosynthesis of amino acids 1. Amino acids: general information a) Composition, structure and properties of amino acids b) Introduction Physicochemical Functional (proteinogenic/non proteinogenic) Catabolism (glucogenesis/ketogenesis) Biosynthesis (essential/non essential) b) Metabolism (important reactions of amino acid metabolism) Transamination Deamination Decarboxylation (oxidation, hydrolysis and elimination) 2. Nitrogen fixation a) Importance of nitrogen fixation in microorganisms b) Structure of nitrogenase c) Basic principles of nitrogen fixation in microorganisms d) Incorporation of ammonium into amino acids 3. Biosynthesis of alanine, aspartate and asparagine a) Importance and properties (alanine, aspartate and asparagine) b) Biosynthesis of alanine and aspartate c) Mechanism of transamination d) Biosynthesis of asparagine 4. Biosynthesis of glutamate, glutamine and proline a) Importance and properties (glutamate, glutamine and proline) b) Biosynthesis of glutamine c) Principle of reductive amination d) Biosynthesis of glutamate e) Biosynthesis of proline
Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 3 5. Biosynthesis of arginine a) Importance and properties (arginine) b) Biosynthesis of arginine c) Conversion of arginine to nitric oxide (NO) or urea d) Importance and properties (NO and urea) 6. Biosynthesis of serine and glycine a) Importance and properties (serine and glycine) b) Biosynthesis of serine c) Biosynthesis of glycine d) Transfer of active C1 groups through tetrahydrofolate 7. Metabolism of methionine, cysteine and homocysteine a) Importance and properties (methionine and cysteine) b) S Adenosyl methionine (SAM) as a methyl group donor c) Vitamine B 6 and B 12 as cofactors d) Importance of homocysteine Homocystine and homocystinuria DNA methylation Risk markers for arteriosclerosis 8. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 1 (Coordination between lecture 8 and 9 necessary!) a) Importance and properties (phenylalanine and tyrosine) b) Definition/properties of aromatic cycles (Hückel s rule) c) Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids through shikimate pathway until chorismate d) Importance and function of glyphosate 9. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 2 a) Biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine (Prephenate pathway) b) Biosynthesis of tryptophan (Anthranilate pathway) c) Importance of tryptophan 10. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 3: histidine a) Importance and properties of histidine b) Function of Histidine in catalytic centres of proteins (catalytic triad) c) RNA world hypothesis (histidine develops from ribonucleic acids) d) Biosynthesis of histidine 11. Biosynthesis and importance of selenocysteine a) Importance and properties of selenocysteine b) Importance and chemistry of selenium c) Appearance of selenocysteine in enzyms d) Integration of selenocysteine into proteins (translation) 12. Disorders of amino acid metabolism a) Phenylketonuria (PKU) b) Homocysteinemia c) Albinism d) Maple syrup urine disease
Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 4 Metabolism of vitamins 13. General information on vitamin metabolism a) History b) Definition c) Introduction and function d) Metabolism (general information) e) Deficiencies and overdose Hypovitaminosis (definition) Hypervitaminosis (definition) 14. Vitamin C (animals AND plants) e) Hypovitaminosis 15. Vitamin E 16. Vitamin K e) Hypovitaminosis f) γ carboxyglutamate and coagulation cascade 17. Vitamin D (vitamin D and calcium) e) Hypovitaminosis 18. Vitamin A e) Hyper /Hypovitaminosis
Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 5 Nuclear receptors 19. An Overview of nuclear receptors and RXR a) Introduction to nuclear receptors b) Structure/components of nuclear receptors c) Mechanism of transcriptional control d) Translocation e) Hormone responsive elements (HREs) and DNA binding f) Isoforms of RXR g) Biosynthesis of RXR ligand (9 cis retinoic acid) h) RXR and its dimerization partners i) Gene regulation by RXR/RXR Genes and metabolic processes which are regulated by RXR/RXR 20. Regulation of metabolism by VDR/RXR a) Gene regulation by VDR/RXR Genes and metabolic processes which are regulated by VDR/RXR Calcium metabolism (Intestine, kidney, bone), immune system, detoxification by cytochromes 21. Regulation of metabolism by RAR/RXR a) Biosynthesis of RAR ligands (all trans retinoic acids) b) Gene regulation by RAR/RXR Genes and metabolic processes which are regulated by RAR/RXR Synthesis and transport of retinoic acid, dopaminergic system, motion control 22. Metabolism of eicosanoids a) Prostaglandins b) Prostacyclins c) Thromboxanes d) Leucotriens e) Importance of eicosanoids as mediators and signal substances f) Inhibition of eiconsanoid synthesis 23. Regulation of metabolism by PPARs/RXR a) Isoforms: PPAR PPAR PPAR b) PPAR ligands c) Gene regulation by PPARs/RXR Genes and metabolic processes which are regulated by PPARs/RXR Glucose and lipid metabolism, thermogenesis, foam cells (atherosclerosis) d) Use of synthetic PPAR agonists and antagonists 24. Metabolism and transport of bile acids a) Composition and function of the gallbladder b) Classes and properties of bile acids c) Storage and concentration of bile acids d) Enterohepatic circulation (Secretion, resorption and transport of bile acids) e) Disorders of bile acid metabolism
Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 6 25. Biosynthesis of bile acids and regulation of metabolism by FXR/RXR a) Biosynthesis of bile acids b) Regulation of bile acid biosynthesis c) Gene regulation by FXR/RXR Genes and metabolic processes which are regulated by FXR/RXR? bile acid and cholesterol metabolism and transport, lipid and glucose metabolism Feedback loop via SHP
Nutritional Biochemistry (Module BE2.3) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lorkowski 7 Selected aspects of metabolism 26. Glucose alanine cycle & Cori cycle a) Components and functions of the two cycles b) Importance of the glucose alanine cycle for the nitrogen budget c) Oxygen dept in Cori cycle 27. Glyoxylate cycle a) Importance, composition and function b) Cellular localization c) Netto reaction d) Comparison of glyoxylate cycle and citrate cycle 28. Glyceroneogenesis, synthesis of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides a) Synthesis of glycerol b) Synthesis of triacylglycerols c) Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, ethanolamine, inositol and serine d) Importance of phospolipids and their breaking products as signal molecules 29. Biosynthesis and degradation of Sphingolipids a) Properties and importance of sphingosine b) Synthesis of sphingosine and sphingolipids c) Properties and importance of the following Sphingolipids/Sphingolipid classes Ceramides Cerebrosides Sulfatides Sphingomyelin Sphingosine 1 phosphate 30. Metabolism of branched chain fatty acids a) Importance and sources of branched chain fatty acids Plants: Phytanic acid Bactria: isovalerian acid, isobutyric acid Milk b) Nomenclature of branched chain fatty acids c) Properties of branched chain fatty acids d) Generation and degradation of branching e) Refsum disease