GLOBAL FMD SITUATION DURING 2001/2002

APPENDIX 2 GLOBAL FMD SITUATION DURING 2001/2002 Report of the FAO/OIE World Reference Laboratory for FMD, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, United Kingdom Tables 1 and 2 show the results of tests on samples received for diagnosis in 2001 and 2002 at the FAO/OIE World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRL-FMD). FMD remains endemic in parts of Asia, Africa and South America, but the known distribution is an underrepresentation of the true situation. Europe The PanAsia strain of FMD serotype O was responsible for 2,026 outbreaks in Great Britain between February and September with collateral outbreaks during March and April in Northern Ireland (4 outbreaks), Eire (1 outbreak), France (2 outbreaks) and the Netherlands (26 outbreaks). The virus involved was very closely related to those responsible for outbreaks in South Africa and Japan. Africa In 2001/2, there have been no reports of FMD in Northern Africa and no virus isolates have been received from this part of the world at the WRL-FMD. Information on the prevalence of infection and the viral variants involved is incomplete for much of sub-saharan Africa. Serotypes SAT 1, SAT 2, O and A are probably widespread. Viruses isolated from samples collected in Botswana in February 2002 were serotyped as SAT 2 and a virus from this group was found to be closely related to one obtained from Zimbabwe in 2001. In June and August 2002, SAT 2 viruses were recovered from cattle in different provinces of Zimbabwe. In September 2002, a serotype O virus was received at the WRL-FMD from an outbreak affecting cattle in Burkina Faso. Serotype O, SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses were received from Kenya in November 2002 and viruses of serotypes SAT 2, A and O were received from Uganda via Ondestepoort. No type C viruses have been received at WRL-FMD from anywhere in the world since the mid-1990s, but OIE Handistatus records serotype C from Nigeria in early 2002 (and from Kenya in 2000). Asia The PanAsia strain continues to predominate, having been isolated during 2001 and 2002 from many countries throughout Asia. A new sub-lineage has evolved, probably in India, and this has also been found in some of the Gulf States (Oman, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia) in 2001 and Bhutan in 2002. In Turkey, there have been no FMD outbreaks in Thrace since June 2001, but serotypes O, A and Asia 1 have been isolated in other parts of the country. In 2001/2, the WRL-FMD received many type O viruses from the Middle East (Bahrain, Iraq, Qatar, United Arab 49

Emirates, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait, Iran, Syria, Lebanon and the Palestine Autonomous Territories) as well as type A isolates from Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, and type Asia 1 viruses from Georgia and Iran. In May and June 2002, 16 outbreaks of FMD virus serotype O occurred in pigs in South Korea due to the PanAsia strain, the viruses appearing to be distinct from previous lineages present in that country in 2000. In July 2002, 21 outbreaks of FMD virus serotype O occurred in Western Mongolia, affecting cattle, sheep and goats. Samples were received at the WRL- FMD from S Korea, but not from Mongolia. Additionally, the WRL-FMD received samples collected in 2001/2 from Afghanistan (type Asia 1), Bhutan (types O and Asia 1), Pakistan (types O, A and Asia 1), south-east Asia (types O, A and Asia 1) and Hong Kong (type O). South America FMD is believed to remain endemic in parts of some of the north-westerly Andean countries of south America. The type A viruses which caused extensive outbreaks in Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil during 2001 were closely related to each other and part of a larger group of viruses which have been isolated in Argentina and Paraguay since the late 1970 s. The 2001 outbreak viruses were distinct from the type A virus, which caused a number of cases in Argentina in 2000. The last outbreak of type A FMD reported from Argentina was in January 2002. A limited outbreak of FMD type O was reported from Paraguay in November 2002, caused by a virus related to earlier isolates from neighbouring countries. 50

COUNTRY Table 1 OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease * CUMULATIVE REPORT FOR JANUARY - DECEMBER, 2001 No. of samples FMD virus serotypes O A C SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1 AFGHANISTAN 4 - - - - - - 4 - - ARGENTINA 7-7 - - - - - - - BAHRAIN 8 7 - - - - - - - 1 BHUTAN 5 1 - - - - - - - 4 BRAZIL 1-1 - - - - - - - FRANCE 1 1 - - - - - - - - GEORGIA 1 - - - - - - 1 - - GUINEA BISSAU 2 - - - - - - - - 2 HONG KONG 17 11 - - - - - - - 6 (PRC) IRAN 59 31 7 - - - - 13-8 IRAQ 5 4 - - - - - - - 1 IRELAND 297 6 - - - - - - - 291 ITALY 5 - - - - - - - 5 - MALAYSIA 6 6 - - - - - - - - MAURITANIA 37 5 - - - - - - - 32 NETHERLANDS 4 4 - - - - - - - - NIGER 30 9 - - - - - - - 21 OMAN 7 7 - - - - - - - - PHILIPPINES 10 8 - - - - - - - 2 PORTUGAL 5 - - - - - - - - 5 QATAR 6 6 - - - - - - - - SAUDI ARABIA 14 12 - - - - - - - 2 SENEGAL 11 1 - - - - - - - 10 TURKEY 17 10 4 - - - - - - 3 UGANDA 17 2 - - - - - - - 15 UNITED ARAB 9 4 - - - - - - - 5 EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM 15307 ** 1856 - - - - - - - 12027 URUGUAY 1-1 - - - - - - - YEMEN 1 1 - - - - - - - - TOTAL 15894 ** 1992 20 0 0 0 0 18 5 12435 SVDV NVD * ** Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, U.K. swine vesicular disease virus no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected Processing of 20 samples was not completed and 1400 were not processed; 3 samples given consecutive reference numbers were processed as one sample; 2 pairs of samples each pair given 2 consecutive reference numbers were each processed as 1 sample 1367 out of 1565 positive samples tested as original suspension were typed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (87%) and the remainder (13%) were typed as tissue culture 51

The following samples were additionally received by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in 2001 : COUNTRY Sample Year No. of samples FMD virus serotypes O A C SAT SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1 1 ABKHAZIA 2000 1 1 - - - - - - - - ARGENTINA 2000 2 2 - - - - - - - - ARMENIA 1998 1-1 - - - - - - - GEORGIA 2000 1 1 - - - - - - - - HONG KONG 2000 6 5 - - - - - - - 1 (PRC) ITALY 2000 2 - - - - - - - 2 - KYRGHIZIA 1999 1-1 - - - - - - - MAURITANIA 2000 13 1 - - - - - - - 12 RUSSIA 1995 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2000 1 1 - - - - - - - - TURKEY 2000 1 - - - - - - 1 - - UGANDA 2000 1 - - - - - - - - 1 URUGUAY 2000 1 1 - - - - - - - - TOTAL 32 13 2 - - - - 1 2 14 SVDV NVD swine vesicular disease virus no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected 8 out of 10 samples tested as original suspension were typed by ELISA (80%) and the remainder (20%) were typed as tissue culture 52

Table 2 OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease * CUMULATIVE REPORT FOR JANUARY - DECEMBER, 2002 COUNTRY No. of FMD virus serotypes SVDV NVD samples O A C SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1 BHUTAN 36 19 - - - - - 4-13 BOTSWANA 28 - - - - 5 - - - 23 BURKINA FASO 3 1 - - - - - - - 2 CHINA (HONG 10 5 - - - - - - - 5 KONG) GHANA 9 - - - - - - - - 9 IRAN 2-2 - - - - - - - IRAQ 112-20 - - - - - - 92 ISRAEL (PAT) 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 KENYA 7 4 - - 1 1 - - - 1 KUWAIT 2 2 - - - - - - - - LAO PDR 1 - - - - - - - - 1 LEBANON 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 MALAYSIA 2 1 1 - - - - - - - MYANMAR 8 8 - - - - - - - - PAKISTAN 17 ** 4 3 - - - - 2-9 PARAGUAY 2 2 - - - - - - - - SAUDI ARABIA 37 2 - - - - - - - 35 SENEGAL 12 - - - - - - - - 12 SINGAPORE 9 - - - - - - - - 9 SOUTH KOREA 2 2 - - - - - - - - SUDAN 1 - - - - - - - - 1 SYRIA 11 6 3 - - - - - - 2 THAILAND 7-7 - - - - - - - TURKEY 10 5 4 - - - - - - 1 UGANDA 6 3 1 - - 2 - - - - UNITED KINGDOM 275 - - - - - - - - 275 VIETNAM 13 12 - - - - - - - 1 ZIMBABWE 4 - - - - 4 - - - - TOTAL 630 ** 78 41-1 12-6 - 493 * ** PAT Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, U.K. swine vesicular disease virus no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected One sample from Pakistan contained a mixture of foot-and-mouth disease virus types O and Asia 1 Palestinian Autonomous Territories 75 out of 114 positive samples tested as original suspension were typed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (66%) and the remainder (34%) were typed as tissue culture 53

The following samples were additionally received by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in 2002 : COUNTRY Sample No. of FMD virus serotypes SVDV NVD year sample s O A C SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1 BHUTAN 2001 3 1 - - - - - - - 2 CHINA (HONG 2001 4 1 - - - - - - - 3 KONG) IRAN 2001 14 9 - - - - - 1-4 LAO PDR 2001 8 7 - - - - - - - 1 MALAYSIA 2001 1 1 - - - - - - - - MYANMAR 2001 2 1 - - - - - 1 - - THAILAND 2001 3 1 2 - - - - - - - TOTAL 35 21 2 - - - - 2-10 * Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, U.K. swine vesicular disease virus no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected 15 out of 24 samples tested as original suspension were typed by ELISA (63%) and the remainder (37%) were typed as tissue culture 54

Visitors to the Institute for training or collaborative discussions 2001 Name Country Date of visit Dr A M Espinosa Peru February EU Delegation Brussels February Australian Animal Health Australia June Delegation (11) Dr D Boyle Australia July Dr J Hammond Australia July Dr M Barrera-Valle Cuba September/October 2002 Name Country Date of visit Dr G Dulac Canada February Dr T Konishi Japan March Dr W Doughty Australia May/June Mr B Christie Australia June Mr P Abraham Australia June Dr L Gleeson Australia June Dr D Boyle Australia July Dr T Yamaguchi Japan October Dr Thanh Long To Vietnam October Prof M Elvander + 7 colleagues Sweden October Dr Lung-Sang Hong Kong October Dr Lok-Ting Lau Hong Kong October EU FVO Delegation Eire November Dr Ji Hoon Kim Korea November Dr Jong-Hyeon Park Korea December The following people were seconded by overseas organisations to provide support during the 2001 FMD Epidemic Ms B Van Der Heide Ms G Meehan Dr D Clery Mr R O Neill Mr P Raleigh Dr J Ryan CSIRO, Australia CSIRO, Australia DARDNI, S Ireland DARDNI, S Ireland DARDNI, S Ireland FAO Note: IAH employed additional staff on a temporary basis from Australia, New Zealand and Portugal. 55

WRL for FMD staff visits Staff made visits to the following countries to run or assist with training courses, provide advice, for co-ordination/co-operation meetings or to attend conferences: Australia, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Japan, Lithuania, Malaysia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, Turkey, USA. Supply of Reagents Reagents were supplied to national FMD laboratories for diagnosis, research or vaccine production in France, Sweden, Pakistan, Botswana, Taiwan, Hungary, Korea, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Kenya, South Africa, Slovenia, Netherlands, Canada, Spain, Philippines, Belgium, Italy, Denmark, Qatar, Lithuania, Romania, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Bulgaria, Australia, Lao PDR, Poland, Hong Kong, USA, Tunisia and Japan. 56