Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section Review 40-1 Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following: 1. What is a disease? 2. What are three general causes of disease? 3. Name the four ways in which infectious diseases are spread. 4. Applying Concepts The organism that causes meningitis has been identified as a bacterium named Neisseria meningitis. Does this identification support the germ theory of disease? Explain your answer. 5. Inferring Koch s postulates state that a pathogen must be isolated and grown in a laboratory in pure culture. Why is this step essential to identifying the pathogen that causes a specific disease? Classifying On the line provided, write the type of pathogen that causes each disease. 6. Influenza 7. Anthrax 8. Malaria 9. Athlete s foot 10. Applying Concepts Would an antibiotic help you get rid of the common cold? Explain your answer. Teaching Resources /Chapter 40 503
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section Review 40-2 1. How does skin act as a nonspecific defense against pathogens? 2. How does the inflammatory response protect your body from pathogens? 3. What is permanent immunity? Matching On the line provided, write the letter of the type of immunity that matches the description. a. cell-mediated immunity b. active immunity c. humoral immunity d. passive immunity 4. Pathogens marked by antibodies are destroyed by phagocytes. 5. Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them. 6. A vaccine is injected that enables the body to mount an immune response against the pathogen. 7. Antibodies from another animal are injected into the bloodstream and remain for several weeks. Interpreting Graphics Use the diagram to answer the following question. 8. What happens to the antibody concentration after the second exposure? Why does this change occur? Primary and Secondary Immune Responses 9. Applying Concepts After having chicken pox, a person carries millions of memory B cells. Why is it unlikely for this person to develop the disease again? Antibody Concentration First exposure Interval between exposures Second exposure Time 504 Teaching Resources /Chapter 40
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section Review 40-3 1. What causes an autoimmune disease? 2. What factors can trigger asthma attacks? Matching On the line provided, write the letter of the disease or disorder that best matches the description. 3. smooth muscle contractions reduce the size of air a. allergy passageways in the lungs b. AIDS 4. mast cells release histamines c. multiple sclerosis 5. an autoimmune reaction attacks the insulinproducing cells of the pancreas d. asthma e. myasthenia gravis 6. antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions f. Type I diabetes 7. there is destruction of the functions of neurons 8. most of the helper T cells are destroyed 9. Applying Concepts The prefix anti- means against. Most allergy medications contain an antihistamine. Explain what happens during an allergic reaction and how antihistamines help ease the symptoms. 10. Applying Concepts How does HIV weaken the immune system? Teaching Resources /Chapter 40 505
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section Review 40-4 1. What is bioterrorism? 2. What can you do to help prevent cancer? 3. Applying Concepts Why has improving the quality of drinking water probably been the single most important factor in nearly doubling human life expectancy over the last century or so? 4. Inferring What environmental risk factors might be found inside a home? 5. Comparing and Contrasting As an environmental risk factor, how is radon similar to asbestos? How is it different? 6. Inferring People with some genetic disorders have abnormal hemoglobin. Why might these people be more susceptible to the effects of carbon monoxide than people with normal hemoglobin? 7. Applying Concepts Why has the worldwide elimination of smallpox made humans more susceptible to use of the smallpox virus in bioterrorism? 506 Teaching Resources /Chapter 40
Name Class Date Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Vocabulary Review Matching d g f a k In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches each term. 1. disease 2. pathogen 3. antibiotic 4. immunity 5. inflammatory response 6. antigen 7. vaccination 8. allergy 9. histamine b h c e l 10. asthma j 11. risk factor i 12. vector a. process in which the immune system produces cells that destroy pathogens or make them harmless b. substance that triggers the immune response c. overreaction of the immune system to antigens such as pollen d. any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body e. chemical the body produces in response to allergens f. drug that kills bacteria without harming the cells of the host g. disease-causing agent h. injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity i. animal that carries pathogens from person to person j. anything that increases the chance of disease or injury k. response in which blood vessels expand and white blood cells enter infected tissues to fight infection l. chronic respiratory disease in which the air passages become narrower than normal Multiple Choice In the space provided, write the letter of the answer that best completes each sentence. a 13. Koch s postulates are rules for a. identifying the microorganism that causes a specific disease. b. keeping the environment safe for human health. c. determining which vector spreads a disease. d. protecting the skin from sunlight. d 14. Nonspecific defenses include a. fever. c. the skin. b. interferon. d. all of the above. b 15. The type of immunity that results when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus is called a. active immunity. c. permanent immunity. b. passive immunity. d. inherited immunity. c 16. The type of immunity in which T cells attack abnormal or infected cells is known as a. humoral immunity. c. cell-mediated immunity. b. passive immunity. d. T cell immunity. a 17. An example of an autoimmune disease is a. Type I diabetes. c. asthma. b. AIDS. d. allergy to pollen.