Cell-mediated response (what type of cell is activated and what gets destroyed?)

Transcription

1 The Immune System Reading Guide (Chapter 43) Name Per 1. The immune response in animals can be divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity. As an overview, complete this figure indicating the divisions of both innate and adaptive immunity. (page 947). We used to call innate immunity NONSPECIFIC because these defenses prevent many different types of pathogens from either entering your body or destroying the pathogen if it gets in your body. We used to call adaptive immunity SPECIFIC because your body mounts an attack against a specific pathogen by creating antibodies or activating killer T cells (also called cytotoxic). 2. Define the following (page 947 & 958) Humoral response (what is made and where do they act?) Cell-mediated response (what type of cell is activated and what gets destroyed?)

2 3. We have talked about phagocytosis a few times this year. Phagocytosis plays a HUGE role in the immune systems of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Use the diagram below to review the process by briefly explaining the six steps to ingestion and destruction of a microbe by a phagocytic cell. (page 948) 4. Explain the purpose of each of the following cells used for NONSPECIFIC immunity. (page 950) Neutrophils Macrophages Natural Killer Cells -

3 5. If one of your cells is infected with a virus it will secrete interferons to communicate with surrounding cells. What is the purpose of secreted interferons?? (page 951) 6. Your cells initiate an inflammatory response in response to a suspected foreign substance or invader. What cell contributes to the inflammatory response and what is the signaling molecule that it produces? (951) Cell = Signal molecule = What does the signaling molecule above do to capillaries? What is the purpose of cytokines in the inflammatory response? 7. Define the following terms... (page 952) B lymphocyte (WBC) = Antigen = Antigen receptor = Epitope =

4 8. Draw a diagram of an antibody (Y-shaped molecule produced by B cells). Label the antigen binding sites, light chain, heavy chain, and disulfide bridges. (page 953) Hint the antibody is pretty much the same as the B-cell antigen receptor, it is just free floating in your bloodstream (humoral) and tissues. 9. Read the paragraph Antigen Recognition by T Cells on page 954 carefully. Also look at Figure carefully. Explain how Antigen Presenting Cells present antigens. Include the following words in your description... pathogen, antigen fragment, phagocytosis, MHC molecule, Displayed antigen fragment. You should know that both B cells and macrophages are cells that present antigens.

5 10. There are lots of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes (also called B cells and T cells) in your lymphatic system. Take a peek back at page 950 to identify lymph vessels and lymph nodes. These are found everywhere in your body! All liquid in your body eventually travels through the lymph vessels and encounter lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and etc. Your body is basically checking if there are any evil invaders in your body. Once B lymphocytes are activated by a specific pathogen or antigen, clonal selection occurs. Use the diagram below to explain the 3 key events to B cell clonal selection. (page 956/957). 11. Graphs similar to the following have been on several AP Biology Exams. It depicts the primary and secondary immune response. The first arrow shows exposure to antigen A. The second arrow shows exposure to antigen A again, and also antigen B. Label this graph and then use it to explain the difference between the primary and secondary immune response. Make sure that you explain the purpose of memory cells in this explanation.

6 12. Helper T cells help the immune response by recognizing specific antigens on an antigen presenting cell and then communicating with other cells using cytokines. Cytokines communicate with B cell and T cells by acting as a ligand which initiates a signal transduction pathway. Use diagram below to explain the 3 major steps that Helper T cells mediate. (page 958) 13. What two requirements must be met for a helper T cell to activate adaptive immune responses? (page 958) 1. 2.

7 14. Look at the diagram below showing how a killer T cell (cytotoxic T cell) recognizes and helps destroy a viral infected host cell. Explain the process of recognition and destruction beneath the diagram. (page 959) 15. Completely label the following diagram. Then carefully explain the three primary steps that occur in B cell activation.

8 16. What is the difference between plasma cells and memory cells produced from the activation of B cells? (page 960) 17. In general, how do antibodies dispose of antigens? (page 961) three ways (describe each) (a) (b) (c) 18. Describe how immunizations develop active immunity. (962 & 963) 19. What are allergies? (page 964 & 965) 20. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system turns against particular molecules of the body. Describe the cause and symptoms of the following autoimmune diseases. (page 965) Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis Type 1 diabetes mellitus Multiple sclerosis