Surg Clin N Am 87 (2007) 787 796 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abscesses in anorectal Crohn s disease, 622 intra-abdominal, in Crohn s disease, 590 591 perirectal, in Crohn s disease, in children, 653 Acquired immune responses, in intestinal immune system, 683 Adacolumn, in leukocyte filtration, for inflammatory bowel disease, 737 738 Adalimumab for Crohn s disease, 707 729 adverse effects of, 719 Adenocarcinoma anorectal Crohn s disease and, 624 625 small bowel, Crohn s disease and, 667 Alternative and complementary therapies, 735 737 5-Aminosalicylates for Crohn s disease, 699 701, 708 adverse effects of, 716 717 for ulcerative colitis, 710 712, 714 715 in children, 645 to prevent colorectal cancer, in inflammatory bowel disease, 668 to prevent dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 755 756 Anal fissures, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 623 624 Ankylosing spondylitis, in Crohn s disease, 675 Anorectal Crohn s disease. See Crohn s disease. Anovaginal fistulas, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 623 Antibiotics for Crohn s disease, 701 adverse effects of, 717 718 for pouchitis, in ulcerative colitis, 716 for ulcerative colitis, 713 Antidepressants, for Crohn s disease, 678 Antigen-presenting cells, in intestinal immune system, 683 Antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, in intestinal immune system, 683 Anxiety, in Crohn s disease, 677 Aphthous ulcers, in Crohn s disease, 581 Appendectomies, and inflammatory bowel disease, 577 Arthropathy, in Crohn s disease, 675 Azathioprine for Crohn s disease, 705, 708 for ulcerative colitis, 713 714, 715 to prevent recurrent Crohn s disease, 604 605 B Bacterial flagellin, in inflammatory bowel disease, 691 Balloon dilatation, of strictures, in Crohn s disease, 589 590 of colon and rectum, 615 Barrett s esophagus and esophageal cancer, 660 cytokines in, 660 Behçet s disease, in Crohn s disease, 676 0039-6109/07/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(07)00063-1 surgical.theclinics.com
788 INDEX Biologic agents 728 for ulcerative colitis, in children, 646 Biomarkers, for dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 755 Biopsy, endoscopic of Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 612 of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 763 Bone marrow transplantation, for inflammatory bowel disease, 738 Bone mineral density, decreased, in Crohn s disease, 675 676 Bronchiectasis, in Crohn s disease, 677 Bronchiolitis, in Crohn s disease, 677 Budesonide for Crohn s disease, 702, 708 to prevent recurrent Crohn s disease, 604 Bypass procedures, for Crohn s disease, 599 and colorectal cancer, 666 of colon and rectum, 618 619 C CARD15/NOD2, in inflammatory bowel disease, 689, 731 732 Cell surface adhesion molecules, in animal models, of inflammatory bowel disease, 688 Cellsorba, in leukocyte filtration, for inflammatory bowel disease, 737 738 Certolizumab, for inflammatory bowel disease, 729 730 Chemoprevention of dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 755 756 of neoplastic disease, with inflammatory bowel disease, 668 Ciprofloxacin, for inflammatory bowel disease, adverse effects of, 717 Colectomy with ileoproctostomy, for ulcerative colitis, 637 with ileorectal anastomosis, for Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 618 with ileostomy, for ulcerative colitis, 636, 638 Collagenous colitis, versus idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 769 770 Colon, Crohn s disease of. See Crohn s disease. Colonoscopy, surveillance. See Surveillance colonoscopy. Colorectal cancer Crohn s disease and. See Crohn s disease. inflammatory bowel disease and. See Inflammatory bowel disease. ulcerative colitis and. See Ulcerative colitis. Computed tomography, of Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 612 Crohn s disease. See also Inflammatory bowel disease. anorectal, 620 626 clinical features of, 620 diagnosis of, 620 621 medical management of, 621 surgical management of, 621 626 fecal diversion in, 625 626 for abscesses, 622 for anal skin tags and hemorrhoids, 621 for fissures, 623 624 for fistulas, 622 623 for malignancy, 624 625 for stenosis and strictures, 624 proctectomy in, 626 to control proximal bowel, 625 clinical features of, 579 complications of, 580 extra-intestinal features of, 673 680 and quality of life, 678 mucocutaneous, 676 musculoskeletal, 675 676 ocular, 674 675 psychological, 677 678 pulmonary, 677 gross pathology of, 581, 778 779 histologic features of, 581 historical aspects of, 587 in children, 648 653 diagnosis of, 650 epidemiology of, 648 649 medical management of, 650 651 active disease, 651 disease in remission, 651 pathophysiology of, 649 surgical management of, 652 653 for hemorrhage, 652 653 for intra-abdominal abscesses, 653
for perianal fistulas, 653 for perirectal abscesses, 653 for strictures, 652 medical management of, 698 710 adalimumab in, 729 certolizumab in, 729 730 Crohn s Disease Activity Index in, 699, 733 for perianal fistulas, 709 for recurrent disease, 709 710 helminth ova therapy in, 731 733 induction of remission, 698 699 infliximab in, 728 729 maintenance of remission, 708 710 adalimumab in, 708 709 5-aminosalicylates in, 708 infliximab in, 708 steroids in, 708 thiopurine antimetabolites in, 708 mild disease, 699 701 5-aminosalicylates in, 699 701 antibiotics in, 701 moderate disease, 701 702 steroids in, 702 natalizumab in, 730 severe disease, 702 707 adalimumab in, 707 enteral nutrition in, 704 infliximab in, 706 707 S-methyltransferase enzyme assay in, 705 706 steroids in, 703 704 thiopurine antimetabolites in, 705 top-down versus stepup approach in, 707 visilizumab in, 730 731 neoplastic disease with, 665 667 chemoprevention of, 668 colorectal cancer, 665 666, 744 incidence of, 665 risk factors for, 666 small bowel adenocarcinoma, 667 of colon and rectum, 611 631 clinical features of, 611 612 diagnosis of, 612 medical management of, 613 surgical management of diverting stoma and bypass procedures in, 618 619 extent of resection in, 618 for dysplasia and malignancy, 617 618 for fistulas, 614 615 for hemorrhage, 616 INDEX 789 for obstruction and strictures, 615 for toxic megacolon, 616 617 ileal pouch anal anastomosis in, 619 620 options for, 613 614 postoperative care for, 604 605 pouchitis in, 782 783 surgical management of, 587 610 approach to, 597 601 bypass procedures in, 599 fast-track multimodal rehabilitation in, 598 ileostomy in, 599 laparoscopic, 597 598 open laparotomy in, 598 599 resection in, 600 601 strictureplasty in, 599 600 complications of, 602 frequency of, 587 588 indications for, 588 596 failed medical treatment, 594 failure to thrive, 595 fistulas, 591 594 free perforation, 591 gastroduodenal disease, 595 596 hemorrhage, 594 intestinal obstruction, 588 590 intra-abdominal abscesses, 590 591 malignancy, 594 595 obstructive uropathy, 595 intraoperative challenges in, 601 602 outcome of, 602 603 philosophy of, 588 preparation for, 596 597 quality of life after, 602 603 recurrent disease after, 603 604 symptoms of, by location, 579 581 esophageal, 579 gastroduodenal, 579 580 versus ulcerative colitis, 766 769 Crohn s Disease Activity Index, scoring in, 699, 733 Crypt branching, in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 764 765 Cuffitis, in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 783
790 INDEX Cyclosporine adverse effects of, 719 for ulcerative colitis, in children, 645 Cytokines in animal models, of inflammatory bowel disease, 686 687 in Barrett s esophagus, 660 D Depression, in Crohn s disease, 677 678 Diversion colitis, in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 784 Diverticular disease associated colitis, versus idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 781 Diverting stoma for anorectal Crohn s disease, 625 626 rectum, 618 619 Dysplasia in Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 617 618 in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 770 773, 783 784 surveillance colonoscopy for, 771, 783 784 Dysplasia-associated lesions or masses in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 772 in inflammatory bowel disease, 661 662 macroscopic classification of, 745 746 management of, 751 752 microscopic classification of, 746 747 natural history of, 747 748 in ulcerative colitis, 633 634 E Endorectal advancement flaps, for perianal fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 622 Endoscopic biopsy of Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 612 of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 763 Enteral nutrition, for Crohn s disease, 704 Enterocutaneous fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 592 593 Enteroenteric fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 591 592 Enterovaginal fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 592 Enterovesical fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 592 Erythema nodosum, in Crohn s disease, 676 Esophageal cancer, Barrett s esophagus and, 660 Esophageal involvement, by Crohn s disease, 579 Exclusive enteral nutrition, for Crohn s disease, F Failure to thrive, in Crohn s disease, 595 Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome, proctocolectomy with restorative J-pouch and, 664 665 Fecal diversion for anorectal Crohn s disease, 625 626 rectum, 618 619 Finney strictureplasty, for Crohn s disease, 600 Fissures, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 623 624 Fistulas in anorectal Crohn s disease, 622 623 in Crohn s disease, 591 594 medical management of, 709 of colon and rectum, 614 615 perianal, in Crohn s disease, in children, 653 Flagellin, bacterial, in inflammatory bowel disease, 691 Folate supplementation, to prevent colorectal cancer, in inflammatory bowel disease, 668 Fractures, in Crohn s disease, 675 Frozen sections, of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 773 775 G Gallbladder cancer, with inflammatory bowel disease, 660 Gastric cancer, with inflammatory bowel disease, 660
Gastroduodenal involvement, by Crohn s disease, 579 580 surgical management of, 595 596 Gastrointestinal epithelium, in intestinal immune system, 683 Genetic changes, in inflammatory bowel disease. See Inflammatory bowel disease. H Heineke-Mikulicz strictureplasty, for Crohn s disease, 600 Helicobacter pylori infection, and gastric cancer, 660 Helminth ova therapy, for inflammatory bowel disease, 731 735 Helminths and inflammatory bowel disease, 732 733 prior infestation with, and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease, 691 692 Hemorrhage, in Crohn s disease, 594 in children, 652 653 of colon and rectum, 616 Hemorrhoids, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 621 Herbs, 736 I IBD3, in inflammatory bowel disease, 689 690 IBD5, in inflammatory bowel disease, 690 IBD Dysplasia Morphology Study Group system, to classify dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 746 747 Ileal pouch dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 753 Ileal pouch anal anastomosis rectum, 619 620 with proctocolectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 634 636 Ileocolic resection, of Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 613 614 Ileoproctostomy, with colectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 637 Ileostomy for Crohn s disease, 599 INDEX 791 with colectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 636, 638 with proctocolectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 634, 636 637 Ileum, terminal, Crohn s disease in, 579 Immune system, and inflammatory bowel disease, 578 Immunosuppressants for Crohn s disease indications for, 593 adverse effects of, 719 for ulcerative colitis, in children, 645 Indeterminate colitis, gross pathology of, 780 Infections and inflammatory bowel disease, 578 versus idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 780 781 Inflammatory bowel disease. See also Crohn s disease; Ulcerative colitis. and colorectal cancer pathogenesis of, 745 prevalence of, 743 744 risk factors for, 744 745 epidemiology of, 743 744 etiology of, 575 578 environmental factors in, 577 578 genetics in, 576 577 immunologic factors in, 578 infection in, 578 idiopathic Crohn s disease versus ulcerative colitis, 766 769 cuffitis in, 783 diversion colitis in, 784 dysplasia-associated lesions or masses in, 772 dysplasia in, 770 773, 783 784 surveillance colonoscopy for, 771, 783 784 frozen sections in, 773 775 gross pathology of, 775 781 indeterminate colitis, 780 terminology for, 777 778 irritable pouch syndrome in, 783 pathologist/surgeon interface in, 763 785 perioperative, 773 775 postoperative, 781 784 preoperative, 763 pouchitis in, 781 783 versus colitis, 764 766 crypt branching in, 764 765
792 INDEX Inflammatory (continued) Paneth cell metaplasia in, 765 versus diverticular diseaseassociated colitis, 781 versus infection, 780 781 versus ischemic lesions, 780 versus lymphocytic or collagenous colitis, 769 770 immunologic and molecular mechanisms of, 681 696 animal models of, 686 688 cell surface adhesion molecules in, 688 cytokines in, 686 687 T cells in, 687 688 transforming growth factor b in, 687 tumor necrosis factor a in, 686 cellular constituents of intestinal immune system, 682 685 acquired responses, 683 antigen-presenting cells, 683 antigen-specific adaptive responses, 683 gastrointestinal epithelium, 683 innate immune responses, 682 683 T cells, 684 environmental factors, 691 692 genetic changes, 688 691 bacterial flagellin, 691 CARD15/NOD2, 689, 731 732 IBD3, 689 690 IBD5, 690 interleukin 23, 690 NF-kB, 689 toll-like receptors, 690 691 intestinal immune responses, 685 686 medical management of, adverse effects of, 716 719 adalimumab, 719 ciprofloxacin, 717 cyclosporine, 719 infliximab, 719 mesalamine, 717 methotrexate, 718 719 metronidazole, 717 718 rifaximin, 718 steroids, 718 sulfasalazine, 716 717 thiopurine antimetabolites, 718 novel medical management of, 727 741 adalimumab in, 729 alternative and complementary therapies in, 735 737 herbs, 736 naturopathies, 736 supplements, 736 biologic agents in, 728 bone marrow and stem cell transplantation in, 738 certolizumab in, 729 730 helminth ova therapy in, 731 735 infliximab in, 728 729 leukocyte filtration in, 737 738 natalizumab in, 730 probiotics in, 731 visilizumab in, 730 731 surveillance colonoscopy for. See Surveillance colonoscopy. Infliximab for Crohn s disease, 706 707, 708 of colon and rectum, 615 for enterocutaneous fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 593 594 728 729 adverse effects of, 719 for ulcerative colitis, 714, 715 Innate immune responses, in intestinal immune system, 682 683 Interleukin 23, in inflammatory bowel disease, 690 Intestinal obstruction, in Crohn s disease, 588 590 Intra-abdominal abscesses, in Crohn s disease, 590 591 Irritable pouch syndrome, in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 783 Ischemic lesions, versus idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 780 J J-pouch, restorative, with proctocolectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 664 665 K Kock pouch, with proctocolectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 636 637 L Laparoscopic surgery for Crohn s disease, 597 598
INDEX 793 in children, 652 for ulcerative colitis, in children, 648 Laparotomy, open, for Crohn s disease, 598 599 Leukocyte infiltration, for inflammatory bowel disease, 737 738 Lymphocytic colitis, versus idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 769 770 adverse effects of, 719 for ulcerative colitis, 714, 715 Mucocutaneous features, of Crohn s disease, 676 Multimodal rehabilitation, for Crohn s disease, 597 598 Musculoskeletal features, of Crohn s disease, 675 676 M Magnification chromoendoscopy, of dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 754 755 Malignancies in anorectal Crohn s disease, 624 625 in Crohn s disease, 594 595 of colon and rectum, 617 618 6-Mercaptopurine for Crohn s disease, 705, 708 for ulcerative colitis, 713 714 in children, 645 646 to prevent recurrent Crohn s disease, 604 605 Mesalamine for Crohn s disease, 699 701, 708 adverse effects of, 717 for ulcerative colitis, 710 712, 715 Methotrexate for Crohn s disease, 706, 708 719 for ulcerative colitis, 715 S-Methyltransferase enzyme assay, for Crohn s disease, 705 706 Metronidazole for Crohn s disease, 701 adverse effects of, 717 718 Molecular diagnosis, of dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 755 Monoclonal antibodies for Crohn s disease, 706 709 of colon and rectum, 615 for enterocutaneous fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 593 594 728 731 N Natalizumab, for inflammatory bowel disease, 730 Naturopathies, for inflammatory bowel disease, 736 NF-kB, in inflammatory bowel disease, 689 O Obstructive uropathy, in Crohn s disease, 595 Ocular features, of Crohn s disease, 674 675 Osteoporosis, in Crohn s disease, 675 676 P Paneth cell metaplasia, in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 765 Percutaneous drainage, of intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn s disease, 590 591 Perforation, in Crohn s disease, 591 Perianal abscesses, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 622 Perianal fistulas in anorectal Crohn s disease, 622 623 in Crohn s disease medical management of, 709 Perirectal abscesses, in Crohn s disease, in children, 653 Porcine whipworm, and inflammatory bowel disease, 733 735 Pouchitis in Crohn s disease, 782 783 in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 781 783 proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and, 636, 715 716, 731
794 INDEX Prednisone for Crohn s disease, 703 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, and colorectal cancer, 664 Probiotics, 731 Proctectomy for anorectal Crohn s disease, 626 rectum, 614 615 Proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, in children, 646 648 with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, for ulcerative colitis, 634 636 with ileostomy, for ulcerative colitis, 634 with Kock pouch, for ulcerative colitis, 636 637 with restorative J-pouch, for ulcerative colitis, 664 665 Proximal bowel, control of, for anorectal Crohn s disease, 625 Psoriasis, in Crohn s disease, 676 Psychological features, of Crohn s disease, 677 678 Psychosis, in Crohn s disease, 678 Pulmonary features, of Crohn s disease, 677 Pyoderma gangrenosum, in Crohn s disease, 676 Q Quality of life, after surgery, for Crohn s disease, 602 603 R Rectovaginal fistulas, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 623 Rectum, Crohn s disease of. See Crohn s disease. Rifaximin for Crohn s disease, 701 S Schizophrenia, in Crohn s disease, 678 Setons, for perianal fistulas, in Crohn s disease, 622 Short bowel syndrome, after surgery, for Crohn s disease, 602 Skin tags, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 621 Small bowel cancer, Crohn s disease and, 595, 667 Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease, 577 and recurrent Crohn s disease, 603 Sphincterotomy, for anal fissures, in Crohn s disease, 624 Squamous cell carcinoma, in anorectal Crohn s disease, 624 625 Stem cell transplantation, for inflammatory bowel disease, 738 Steroids for Crohn s disease, 702, 703 704, 708 for ulcerative colitis, 712, 713 in children, 645 to prevent recurrent Crohn s disease, 604 Stoma, diverting for anorectal Crohn s disease, 625 626 rectum, 618 619 Strictureplasty, for Crohn s disease, 599 600 in children, 652 Strictures in anorectal Crohn s disease, 624 in Crohn s disease and colorectal cancer, 666 balloon dilatation of, 589 590, 615 in children, 652 of colon and rectum, 615 Sulfasalazine for Crohn s disease, 699 701 adverse effects of, 716 717 for ulcerative colitis, 711 712, 714 715 Supplements, for inflammatory bowel disease, 736 Surveillance colonoscopy rectum, 617
for dysplasia, in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, 771, 783 784 669, 743 761 biopsy in, 751 guidelines for, 748 751 limitations of, 754 with dysplasia-associated lesions or masses, 751 752 with ileal pouch dysplasia, 753 T T cells in animal models, of inflammatory bowel disease, 687 688 in intestinal immune system, 684 Tacrolimus, for ulcerative colitis, in children, 646 Thiopurine antimetabolites for Crohn s disease, 705, 708 for ulcerative colitis, 713 714, 715 in children, 645 646 to prevent recurrent Crohn s disease, 604 605 Toll-like receptors, in inflammatory bowel disease, 690 691 Toxic megacolon in Crohn s disease, of colon and rectum, 616 617 in ulcerative colitis, 582 583 Transforming growth factor b, in animal models, of inflammatory bowel disease, 686 Trichuris suis, and inflammatory bowel disease, 733 735 Truelove and Witts Severity Index, for ulcerative colitis, 711 Tumor necrosis a, in animal models, of inflammatory bowel disease, 686 U Ulcerative colitis. See also Inflammatory bowel disease. clinical features of, 582 583 elective surgical management of, 633 637 indications for, 633 634 proctocolectomy with ileostomy in, 634 INDEX 795 proctocolectomy with Kock pouch in, 636 637 restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis in, 634 636 subtotal colectomy with ileoproctostomy in, 637 subtotal colectomy with ileostomy in, 636 emergent surgical management of, 638 indications for, 638 subtotal colectomy with ileostomy in, 638 gross pathology of, 583, 779 780 histologic features of, 583 in children, 643 648 diagnosis of, 644 epidemiology of, 643 644 medical management of, 645 646 induction of remission, 645 maintenance of remission, 645 646 pathophysiology of, 644 surgical management of, 646 648 laparoscopic, 648 proctocolectomy in, 646 648 medical management of, 710 716 for pouchitis, 715 716, 731 antibiotics in, 716 VSL#3 in, 716 helminth ova therapy in, 734 induction of remission, 710 714 maintenance of remission, 714 715 5-aminosalicylates in, 714 715 infliximab in, 715, 729 methotrexate in, 715 thiopurine antimetabolites in, 715 mild to moderate distal disease, 710 712 5-aminosalicylates in, 710 712 mild to moderate extensive disease, 712 severe and fulminant disease, 712 714 antibiotics in, 713 infliximab in, 714 steroids in, 713 thiopurine antimetabolites in, 713 714 Truelove and Witts Severity Index in, 711 visilizumab in, 730 731 neoplastic disease with, 659 672 chemoprevention of, 668
796 INDEX Ulcerative (continued) chronic inflammatory states and cancer, 659 660 colorectal cancer, 583, 662 665 incidence of, 662 663 primary sclerosing cholangitis and, 664 proctocolectomy and restorative J-pouch for, 664 665 risk factors for, 663 664 dysplasia-associated lesions or masses, 661 662 pathobiology of, 660 surveillance for, 669 pathophysiology of, 575 585 prevention of, prior helminth infestation in, 691 692 versus Crohn s disease, 766 769 Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index, for helminth ova therapy, 734 Ulcers, aphthous, in Crohn s disease, 581 Ursodeoxycholic acid to prevent colorectal cancer, in inflammatory bowel disease, 668 to prevent dysplasia, in inflammatory bowel disease, 756 Uveitis, in Crohn s disease, 674 675 V Visilizumab, for inflammatory bowel disease, 730 731 VSL#3, for pouchitis, in ulcerative colitis, 716