BLOOD Dr. Vedat Evren
Blood Liquid suspension of formed elements Blood = Blood cells + plasma Plasma = Coagulation factors + serum Cells = Erythrocytes + Leukocytes + Thrombocytes 8 % of the total body weight
Blood function Respiration Nutrition Excretion Thermoregulation Salt and water balance Acid base balance Coagulation Immunity Endocrine carrier
Centrifugation
Centrifugation
Centrifugation
Microscope
Plasma Liquid part of blood Pale yellow Colloid: Liquid that contains suspended substances which do not settle out Albumin: Regulation of water movement and transport Globulin: Immune system or transport Fibrinogen: Blood clot formation
Cells RBC (Erythrocytes) WBC (Leukocytes) Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Hematopoiesis Observed 18 days after fertilization First weeks: Yolk sac After 6 weeks (intrauterine): Liver After 20 weeks (intrauterine) >>> 5 years of age: Bone marrow (all of them) After 20 years of age : Flat bones
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production Glycoprotein 90 % renal cortex, some from liver Stimulate the growth of «early» stem cells Can be measured in plasma and urine Anemia High altitude Heart failure Lung disease Triggers!!
Hematopoiesis Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
RBC Most abundant cell type (25 * 10^12) Without nucleus and organelles (mature) Average 7um, 90 fl Contains estimated 600 million Hb Average lifespan 120 days
RBC 60 64 % water Organic and inorganic substances Hb, glucose, enzymes, vitamins, Fe, Cu, Zn Energy production: Anaerobic glycolysis
RBC
RBC 4,5 5,5 million /mm 3 (males), 3,5 4,5 million /mm 3 (females) Diameter Normocyte (7-8 um) Microcyte (<6um) Macrocyte (>8um) Color Normochrome Hyperchrome Hypochrome
Hemoglobin 4 globin + 4 heme molecules Binds Oxygen 14 16 g % (males), 12 14 g % (females)
Hemoglobin breakdown
Anemia Deficiency oh hemoglobin Iron-deficiency Pernicious Hemorrhagic Hemolytic Sickle-cell
Leukocytes Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris Movements Ameboid Diapedesis Chemotaxis Passive Immunity Active Immunity Antigen Antibody
Leukocyte types Neutrophils: Most common; phagocytic cells destroy bacteria (60%), activated during acute infections, lifespan 1 2 days Eosinophils: Parasitic infections, allergic rinite, asthma (2%) Basophils: Allergic reactions; Release histamine, heparin increase inflamation response (1%) Lymphocytes: B & T Cell types. IgG, IgM, IgA-Resp & GI, IgE- Allergy, IgD-immune response Monocytes: Become macrophages
Leukocyte types
Thrombocytes Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow (200 000 400 000 / mm 3 ) Important in preventing blood loss Platelet plugs Promoting formation and contraction of clots
Hemostasis Arrest of bleeding Prevents excessive blood loss Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels Platelet plug formation Coagulation or blood clotting
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation Stages Activation of prothrombinase Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Pathways Extrinsic Intrinsic
Clot formation
Fibrinolysis
Diagnostic blood tests Type and crossmatch Complete blood count Red blood count Hemoglobin measurement Hematocrit measurement White blood count Differential white blood count Clotting
Blood Types Blood Type Membrane Antigen Plasma Antibody Type A A Anti-B Type B B Anti-A Type AB A & B No antibody Type 0 No antigen Anti-A & Anti-B
Blood Types
Transfusion problem AGGLUTINATION: Antibody has more than one binding sites Each site binds an erythrocyte and pairs them Each erythrocyte has more than one antigen These stem repeats itself and all the erythrocytes are gathered together via antibodies Occludes capillaries Results in hemolysis
Erythroblastosis Fetalis Rh- pregnant mom, Rh+ Fetus!!! Anti-Rh antibodies are produced Allmost no harm to the baby during first pregnancy