C18 The Circulatory System / MC3. What is the difference between the cardiovascular. What are the formed elements? Include subcategories:

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1 C18 The Circulatory System / MC3 What is the difference between the cardiovascular and circulatory system? What are the formed elements? Include subcategories: What are the three primary functions of the circulatory system? What type of tissue is blood? Explain What is the matrix called? What are the three major proteins in blood? Where do they come from? Function: (solution called?) What is blood serum? How is it different than blood plasma?

2 What are the benchmarks for these items: blood volume / ph / hematocrit / RBC per micrometer / platelet count / total WBC What are platelets? How are they formed? Erythrocytes: form & function Neutrophils: form and function Eosinophils: form and function Basophils: form and function

3 What are the subcategories of lymphocyctes? (form and function) Monocytes: form and fuction What are the formed elements? Where are they formed? Explain How do we determine the hematocrit? Why is it important? How is it related to blood viscosity? What is the buffy coat of the hematocrit? What does viscosity measure? How much more viscous is whole blood than water? How much more viscous is plasm than water?

4 What is osmolarity? What is the osmolarity of blood? What happens if the osmolarity of blood is too low or two high? What is hemopoiesis? Where does it occur in fetal life and in the newborn? Where does it occur in adult life? What is the hemopoietic stem cell called? What intermediate structure do these stem cells form? What are the two principle functions of a RBC? What is the diameter of a RBC? What is the diameter of a continuous capillary? What two molecules contribute to the cytoskeleton of a RBC and contribute to the flexibility and durability of the RBC? How long does a RBC circulate in the blood? Where does it go to be recycled? Why? Explain

5 How many RBC do you make every second? What is the stimulus to form new RBC? What is the mechanism called? What is erythropoietin? What tissues secrete this hormone? (primary source?) How long does it take to form a RBC? What is a reticulocyte? What is hemoglobin? What is the heme in hemoglobin? How is the heme eliminated from the body? What is the difference between adult and fetal hemoglobin? What are three critical nutrients required for the production of RBC?

6 How is iron absorbed into the body and where is excess iron stored? Explain What four events will stimulate erythropoiesis? How long does it take to form a new RBC? Where is carbonic anydrase located? What does this enzyem catalyze? What is the cloride shift? What is hypoxia? What is hypoxemia? How does the kidney respond to this stimulus? Where is the graveyard for RBC? Why? What cell type recycles the RBC? What in the heme molecule causes a problem for your body? How do we eliminate this from our body?

7 What is polcythemia? What is the difference between primary and secondary polycthemia? What are the dangers associated with polycythemia? What is anemia? What causes these different forms of anemia? (hemorrhagic / hemolytic / irondeficiency / pernicious / sickle cell) Why can t hypoxia due to emphasema be reversed by erythopoeisis? Why might this condition result in an enlarged heart and eventually heart failure? How many WBC are in a microliter? Where are leukocytes born? How long do they stay in the blood and when they leave where do they go? How do we characterize the functions of the NEB granulocytes?

8 How do we characterize the functions of the LM agranulocytes? What do monocytes and basophils have in common? What type of data points are contained in a complete blood count? What is leukopoiesis? How long do granulocytes stay in the blood before they enter the tissue spaces? How long do they live? How long do monocytes stay in the blood before they enter the tissue spaces? How long do they live?

9 How long may lymphocytes live? What is leukipenia? (number) What is leukicytosis? (number) What is thrombocytopenia? What is thrombocytosis? What is hemolysis? What is hemostasis? What three mechanisms accomplish hemostasis? What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

10 What are the seven functions of a platelet? Where do platelets come from? How long do they circulate? Where are most (40%) found? Explain hemostasis in terms of vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. What is the role of the platelet in each step? What is prostacyclin? What substances do platelets release during degranulation? What is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of hemostasis? Which mechanism is faster?

11 What is fibrinogen? What is the enzyme that uses fibrinogen as its substrate? Where does thrombin come from? What is the clot retraction? When does it occur? What is the function of platelet derived growth factor? Where does it come from? What is fibrinolysis? What enzye causes fibinolysis? What is a thrombus? What is thrombosis? What is an embolism? What is an infarction? Explain the interaction between plasma proteins and the RBC s plasma membrane which is the basis for blood typing: Use the terms antigen / aglutinogen / antibody / aglutinin.

12 Explain why your cells are surgar coated : What is agglutination? Why is this dangerous? In the ABO blood type sytem, what is the most common? What is the rarest? What blood type is the universal donor? Explain: What blood type is the universal recepient? Explain: What are the dangers assiciated with a mismatched blood transfusion?

13 When do agglutinins form? How many RBCs can a single agglutinin bind at one time? What happens? What is the agglutinogen called in the Rh group? What is RhoGAM? Are anti-d agglutinins normally present? Explain: When would a Rh- woman form anti-d agglutinins? (two possibilities!) Anti-D agglutinins are small enough to cross through the placental membrane. Why might this be a problem for a Rhwoman during her second pregnancy?