Psychological Hodgepodge Mr. Mattingly Psychology
The Number: Eight
What is conditioning? Conditioning = learned or trained Classical Conditioning = learning procedure where associations are made Usually an Automatic Behavior Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus Components of Classical Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus (NS) = does not initially elicit any part of a conditioned response Unconditioned Stimulus (US) = elicits a predictable response without training Unconditioned Response (UR) = automatic reaction to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = once-neutral, now elicits a learned response after training Conditioned Response (CR) = learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning at Work: Psychologist Ivan Pavlov: Pavlov s Dog Experiment Parts: Dog s Salivation, Food, Bell (tuning fork) Before Conditioning: Bell (NS) = No Salivation Food (US) = Salivation (UR) During Conditioning: Bell (NS) & Food (US) = Salivation (UR) After Conditioning: Bell (CS) = Salivation (CR) Where is this used today? Advertisements
Results of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition = neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus Response generally occurs gradually Generalization = responds to a second stimulus similar to the CS EX: circle and oval Discrimination = respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli EX: School Bell vs. Dinner Bell Extinction = conditioned response dies out Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus isn t presented
Classical Conditioning TV Clips:
Operant Conditioning: Consequences Operant Conditioning = learning from the consequences of behavior How he / she operates (voluntary) after the consequences? Behavioral Psychologist B.F. Skinner Skinner Box Contexts of Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcer = add a stimulus Negative Reinforcer = remove a stimulus Reinforcement (Enjoyable) = increases frequency of behavior Punishment (Unpleasant) = decreases frequency of behavior Types of Reinforcers: Primary Reinforcers = stimulus that is naturally rewarding (food or water) Secondary Reinforcers = money, objects, praise, prestige status
Operant Condition Results: Consequences: Options and Combinations Positive Reinforcement (Bonus) Negative Reinforcement (Escape) Positive Punishment (Punishment) Negative Punishment (Penalty) Reinforcement Patterns: Fixed-Ratio = certain number of responses (Fouling out of game) Variable-Ratio = varying number of responses (Slot Machines / Sales Commission) Fixed-Interval = certain amount of time (Paycheck Pay Period) Variable-Interval = varying amount of time (Pop Quiz) Continuous or Partial Schedules?
Contexts of Operant Conditioning:
Operant Conditioning: ABC Model
Aversive Control: Unpleasant Stimuli Aversive Control: Negative Reinforcement or Punishment Negative Reinforcement Studies: Escape Conditioning = training to remove / terminate an unpleasant stimuli Ex: Liver served at the table (Whining) Avoidance Conditioning = training to prevent an unpleasant stimuli occurring Ex: Liver taken out of the fridge (Whining) Most Obvious Aversive Control: Punishment Negative Reinforcement and Punishment work in opposite ways. Punishment decreases the frequency. Disadvantages of Punishment: Unwanted Side Effects Rage, Aggression, Fear Avoid the Punisher Lose Opportunity for a Positive Role Model
Conditioning: Classical vs. Operant? Situation: Every time toilet flushes in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. What type of conditioning occurred? Classical (Automatic) Parts of Conditioning: NS = Toilet Flush US = Hot Water UR = Jumping Back CS = Toilet Flush CR = Jumping Back