CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY A & P 8/20/13

ANATOMY The study of the Structure and Shapes of the body and their relationships to one another. Gross Anatomy: The study of large easily observable structures of the body. example: Bones and Liver Microscopic Anatomy: The study of very small structures that require the naked eye to be aided

PHYSIOLOGY The study of how the body parts work or the Function of the body parts. Neurophysiology- functions of the nervous system Cardiac physiology- functions of the heart

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Starts with the simplest and becomes complex Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The external covering of the body, or skin. Waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues and organs from harm. Excretes salts and urea to help regulate body temperature and pressure Houses pain receptors to alert us of what is happening on body surface.

SKELETAL SYSTEM Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints. Supports the body and provides framework for the muscles to produce movement. Also serves as a protective barrier for our most vital organs Brain, heart Stores minerals

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Simply provide movement by contracting muscles.

NERVOUS SYSTEM Fastest acting control system. Brain Spinal cord Nerves And sensory receptors

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Controls the bodies activities, but slower than the nervous system. Endocrine glands produce chemicals called hormones that use the blood stream to get to specific organs

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The heart and the blood vessels Use blood as the transporting fluid to carry substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to and from tissues cells where exchanges are made.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Complementary to that of cardiac system. Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as spleen and tonsils.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Keep the body consistently supplied with oxygen

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus. Break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

URINARY SYSTEM Remove the nitrogen-containing waste from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Exists to produce offspring.

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NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness (irritability) Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

MUST HAVE TO SURVIVE Nutrients Chemical energy Oxygen Required for chemical reactions to release energy from foods 20% of air we breath is oxygen Water 60-80% of body weight Body Temperature 98.6 Degree F Atmospheric Pressure Exchange of O and CO 2 Cellular Metabolism at high altitudes

HOMEOSTASIS The bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. Nervous and Endocrine Systems Receptor: Send information Control Center: analyzes information and determines response Effector: Provides the means for control center to respond

HOMEOSTASIS CONT D Negative Feedback Mechanisms Causes stimulus to decline or end Positive Feedback Mechanisms (rare in the body) Enhances the stimulus Blood Clotting and birth of a baby

ANATOMICAL POSITION

REGIONAL TERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superior/ Inferior Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Cranial/Caudal Medial/Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial/Deep

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Prone and Supine

BODY CAVITIES Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic Abdominal pelvic

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY 4 Quadrants Right Upper Left Upper Right Lower Left Lower

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS Umbilical Region Epigastric Region Hypogastric (pubic) Region Right Iliac (inguinal) Region Left Iliac (inguinal) Region Right Lumbar Region Left Lumbar Region Right Hypochondriac Region Left Hypochondriac Region

ANTERIOR VIEW OF VENTRAL BODY CAVITY ORGAN S Lungs Liver Heart Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Small Intestine Large intestine (Colon) Gallbladder Appendix Bladder

GROUP WORK