WHO 2016 CNS TUMOR CLASSIFICATION UPDATE Arie Perry, M.D. Director, Neuropathology
DISCLOSURES (Arie Perry, MD) I have no financial relationships to disclose. - and - I will not discuss off label use or investigational use in my presentation School of Medicine
School of Medicine PATTERN RECOGNITION
School of Medicine IMPERSONATORS
PATTERN RECOGNITION
Sturm et al., Cancer Cell 2012 ; 22:425-437 Prognostic Diagnostic Both
Brain Pathology 24: 429-435, 2014 ISN-Haarlem format of layered diagnoses Integrated Diagnosis (incorporating all aspects of tissue diagnosis) Histological Classification WHO Grade (natural history) Molecular information (see parameters from previous slide)
layered diagnosis format I II III IV ISN-Haarlem
cimpact-now Ken Aldape Dan Brat David Capper David W. Ellison Dominique Figarella-Branger Cynthia Hawkins David N. Louis Werner Paulus Arie Perry cimpact-now (cont.) Andreas von Deimling Pieter Wesseling cimpact-now Clinical Advisory Panel Tracy Batchelor J. Gregory Cairncross Stefan Pfister School of Medicine
To Guido Reifenberger Stefan Rutkowski provide a forum to evaluate Michael Weller and recommend Wolfgang Wick proposed changes to future CNS tumor classifications, cimpact- NOW will at regular intervals facilitate input and consensus review of novel diagnostically relevant data and determine how such information can be practically incorporated into CNS tumor classifications. While it is understood that the major impact on international brain tumor classification comes about through the WHO classification update process, it is anticipated that this additional process will see impact in selected tumor types and in time periods between the WHO classification updates. The cimpact-now updates are not intended to supplant the existing WHO classification, but to provide possible guidelines for practicing diagnosticians and future WHO classification updates.
BIOMARKER CONCEPTS Types Diagnostic Prognostic Predictive Practicality issues Cost and ease of implementation IHC vs. FISH vs. PCR vs. genomics Reimbursement School of Medicine
GBM BIOMARKERS: EGFR/PTEN (+ 7 / - 10 ) School of Medicine CEP 7 EGFR PTEN DMBT 1
OLIGODENDROGLIOMA 1 p 19 q FISH 1 p 32 1 q 42 19 p 13 19 q 13 School of Medicine
321 ( 5897 ): 1807-12, 2008
IDH - 1 R 132 H IHC School of Medicine
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMPLE OF HISTOLOGIC MIMICRY: ELVIS IMPERSONATOR AO (IDHm and 1p/19q codeletion) Average survival 15 years if treated with combined PCV chemo and radiation What about chemo alone up front? SC-GBM (IDHwt, EGFR-AMP 70%, -10q 95%) Average survival 1 year Typically treated with combined radiochemotherapy Different set of clinical trials than the high-grade oligodendrogliomas School of Medicine
REFLEX TO IDH 1 / 2 SEQUENCING Young patient (< 55 years old) Long clinical history Prior history of WHO grade II or III glioma Non - enhancing cerebral hemispheric mass on MR imaging Looks low - grade and/or classic oligo on histopathology Loss of ATRX expression on IHC School of Medicine
CANCER CELLS ESCAPING SENESCENCE
School of Medicine Shay JW et al. Science 15:1388-1390, 2012
Reitman et al. Acta Neuropathol ( 2013 ) 126:789 792
Killela et al. PNAS 2013; 110: 6021 6026
ATRX/H 3.3 alterations ALT
ATRX IHC
Brain Pathol 25 ; 256-65, 2015
IDH - mutant astrocytomas IDH 1 p 53 ATRX
IDHm + 1 p/ 19 q - codel oligodendrogliomas IDH 1 p 53 ATRX
*Combine with m orphology and p 53 IHC *
DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA (DIPG, THAL, SC) H 3 K 27 me 3 H 3 K 27 M p 53 ATRX
Sturm et al., Cancer Cell 2012 ; 22:425-437
HGG, H 3 G 34 R/V - mutant H 3 G 34 R/V p 53 ATRX
Astro, IDHm AA, IDHm IDHm 9 p (CDKN 2 A/B) LOH TP 53 m ATRXm Preneoplastic Cell IDHm TERTm 1 p 19 q - codel Oligo, IDHm, 1 p 19 q - codel CICm FUBP 1 m IDHwt EGFR - amp TERTm ( H 3 G 34 R/V) GBM, IDHwt Diffuse midline glioma, K27Mm PIK 3 R 1 /PIK 3 CAm 4 q LOH? PIK 3 CAm?
GBM, IDHm AO, IDHm, 1p19qcodel Note: no oligoastro!
(WHO NOS = Not Otherwise Specified)
DIFFUSE ASTROCYTOMA GRADING A typia M itoses E ndothelial Proliferation (MVP, EH) N ecrosis WHO II=A; III=A+M; IV=A+M+(E or N) School of Medicine
IDHwt
372 : 2499-2508, 2015 Oligos Astros 1 0 GBMs? IDHm ~ 90 % 2 0 GBMs IDHm ~ 10 % 1 0 GBMs
OTHER GLIOMA BIOMARKERS BRAF-KIAA1549 duplication/fusion pilocytic astrocytomas (~70% in cerebellum; less in other locations) Diagnostic and predictive (MEK inhibitors?) FISH or PCR: No IHC surrogates BRAF V600E mutation PXA (~67%), GG (20-60%), PA (~10%), HGG/GBM (5%), E-GBM (50%)
Predictive only: BRAF inhibitors, especially in recurrent or disseminated cases?
Ganglioglioma BRAF V 600 E
UCSF 500 LGG of unknown type post-rx (PXA-like signature)
MAPK pathway Nat Genet 45 : 927-932, 2013
BRAF
KIAA1549
Pajtler et al., 2015, Cancer Cell 27, 728 743
Clear cell ependymoma
Clear cell (RELA fusion+) ependymoma L 1 CAM
UCSF 500 NGS
PF - A Ependymoma PF - B Ependymoma H 3 K 27 me 3
School of Medicine EMBRYONAL NEOPLASMS
Taylor et al., Acta Neuropathol 2012 ; 123:465-472 School of Medicine
+ p 53 LEF 1, ALK?
WNT MOL SUBTYPE β - catenin - β - catenin+
WNT MOL SUBTYPE ALK LEF 1
SHH MOL SUBTYPE YAP - 1 GAB - 1
SHH - ACTIVATED, TP 53 - MUTANT p 53
NON - WNT/NON - SHH MOL SUBTYPE YAP 1
UCSF500 NGS: SHH Medulloblastoma
School of Medicine WNT Medulloblastoma Scatter Plot
2017 ; 31:737-53
AT/RT Ho et al. Acta Neuropathol 99:482, 2000 School of Medicine
ATYPICAL TERATOID/RHABDOID TUMOR
AT/RT BRG 1 INI 1
Haarlem and WHO rules for ATRT A dx of ATRT requires typical pathological features and INI1 or BRG1 loss Tumors with typical pathology but no INI1 or BRG1 loss should be called Embryonal tumor with rhabdoid features A center without BRG1 and /or INI1 testing needs to send the case out
Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C 19 MC - altered
ETMR CD 99 LIN 28 A
CNS School of Medicine WHO 2016 = Embryonal Tumors
CASE 1 34 yo man Presents with confusion MRI: 6 - cm hypodense left frontal mass with patchy enhancement Resection performed School of Medicine
POSSIBLE INITIAL REPORT 1. Integrated Diagnosis: pending 2. Histologic diagnosis: oligoastrocytoma (or ambiguous diffuse glioma) with atypia, mitoses, MVP, and necrosis 3. WHO grade: at least III 4. Molecular studies: pending
POSSIBLE FINAL REPORT 1. Integrated Diagnosis: AO, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, WHO III (ATRX intact) 2. Integrated Diagnosis: GBM, IDH-mutant, WHO grade IV (1p/19q intact, ATRX loss) 3. Integrated Diagnosis: GBM, IDH-wildtype, WHO grade IV (1p/19q intact, ATRX intact, +/- EGFRAMP, +7/-10, ptert-mut)
4. Diagnosis: GBM, NOS, WHO grade IV or AOA, NOS, WHO grade III (molecular not performed) POSSIBLE FINAL REPORT 1. Integrated Diagnosis: AO, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, WHO III (ATRX intact) 2. Integrated Diagnosis: GBM, IDH-mutant, WHO grade IV (1p/19q intact, ATRX loss)
3. Integrated Diagnosis: GBM, IDH-wildtype, WHO grade IV (1p/19q intact, ATRX intact, +/- EGFRAMP, +7/-10, ptert-mut) 4. Diagnosis: GBM, NOS, WHO grade IV or AOA, NOS, WHO grade III (molecular not performed)
CASE 2 4 - yo girl 10 day hx of headaches followed by N/V, increasing tiredness, sleepiness and ataxia MRI: a well - demarcated posterior fossa mass School of Medicine
SYN GFAP
NFP NeuN
OLIG 2 p 53
INI 1 LIN 28
UCSF500 NGS
DX: High - grade Neuroepithelial Tumor, BCOR - altered (new entity that s not part of WHO 2016 ; o/w diagnosed as CNS ET, NOS ) School of Medicine
CNS HGNET - BCOR BCOR
Performance of Brain Tumor Rhapsody by Musaic (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffp4htuu6v)