Pk. j. life soc. sci. (2004), 2(1): 9-15 Pkistn Journl of Life nd Socil Sciences Sesonl Vrition in Mngnese Sttus of Soil, Dietry Components nd Grzing Gots Zfr Iqbl Khn, Altf Hussin, Muhmmd Ashrf, Muhmmd Ysin Ashrf 1 nd Zi-ur- Rhmn 2 Deprtment of Botny, University of Agriculture, Fisld Pkistn 1 Nucler Ititute for Agriculture nd Biology (NIAB) Fisld Pkistn 2 Deprtment of Physiology &Phrmcology University of Agriculture, Fisld Pkistn Abstrct An investigtion ws conducted in the centrl region of Punj, Pkistn to study the reltiohip of minerl Mn in soil, plnt, nd niml systems to enle prediction of the nutrient sttus of three different clsses of gots grzing the psture. Soil, forge, feed, wter, nd niml smples (blood plsm, milk, feces, nd urine) were collected fortnightly during the winter nd summer seso of 2001. It ws found tht seso ffected the Mn content of soil, forge, feed, nd milk in lctting, plsm in non-lctting nd tht of feces in mle gots. Forge nd fecl Mn in non-lctting gots, nd plsm nd fecl Mn in mle gots were ffected by the smpling periods. High Mn concentrtion ws found to be excreted through feces in non-lctting s compred to other groups of gots. The forge ws found to be deficient in Mn concentrtion for the requirement of nimls during summer seson despite the high mount of soil Mn during this seson. Feed Mn during the winter seson ws higher thn tht during summer. Plsm Mn in ll clsses of gots were ove the criticl level during both seso. Coequently, grzing gots t this loction need continued minerl supplements contining Mn to prevent deficiency diseses from occurring nd support optimum niml productivity prticulrly during summer when forge Mn concentrtion is below the requirement of livestock. Key words: Gots, Grzing, Mngnese, Sttus, Plsm, Milk, Soil, Forge, Psture Introduction Nutritionl indequcies often limit niml production in mny countries of the world nd in mny regio ruminnt livestock production is often restricted by minerl deficiencies, toxicities, nd imblnces (McDowell, 1985, 1992; Rojs et l., 1993). Corresponding uthor: Zfr Iqbl Deprtment of Botny, University of Agriculture, Fisld Pkistn E.Mil: shrfm@fsd.pknet.com.pk Livestock often do not receive minerl supplements nd must depend lrgely upon forges to meet their nutritionl requirements. However, only rrely cn forge completely stisfy ech of the minerl requirements for grzing nimls (McDowell et l., 1993, 1997). The provision of dditionl minerls beyond their needs is economiclly wsteful nd unnecessry, nd confers no dded benefits on nimls (Underwood, 1981; Rojs et l., 1993). Minerls re involved in the metolism nd physiology of nimls. Like the other trce elements, Mn is closely relted with severl enzyme systems. It is needed in the body for norml bone structure, reproduction, nd for the norml functioning of the centrl nervous system. Deficiency of Mn during gesttion results in poor viility of the offspring; the young of severely deficient nimls hve skeleton normlity; mny of the Mn deficient offspring re txic t birth; showing in-coordintion nd poor equilibrium nd Mn deficiency cuses sterility in the mle nimls (McDowell, 1985, 1997). Concentrtion of Mn like other minerls in forges is dependent on the soil fctors, plnt species, yield, psture mngement, climte, soil ph (Gomide et l., 1969; McDowell, 1985) dringe conditio, forge mturity, nd interction mong minerls (Gomide, 1978; Reid nd Horvth, 1980). Fluctutio in soil tmosphere my ffect plnt Mn vilility (Kt-Pendis nd Pendis, 1992). Low soil ph nd high rinfll cuse n elevtion in soil extrctle Mn, nd mostly the reduced form of Mn is ville for plnts. The different seso ffect the vilility of Mn to plnts nd nimls, nd its solubility increses during the wet seso. Due to reducing conditio, the leching of this minerl is known to increse (Velsquez-Pereir et l., 1997). Generl dequcy of forge Mn to meet niml requirement, even on mngnese deficient soil hve been reported (Underwood, 1981; McDowell et l., 1989; Vrgs et l., 1984). Fertiliztio of soils hve been found to improve the soil Mn sttus nd pstures in Mn for plnts nd niml growth (Tiffny et l., 2001). 9
Khn et l. There is no simple dignostic test tht will permit the erly detection of Mn deficiency in niml. Other thn forges nd soil nlysis, niml tissues nd fluid re useful but not n entirely relile indiction of Mn deficiency, unless the deficiency is severe (Underwood, 1981). In view of importnce of Mn for livestock, the nlysis of dietry components s well s niml fluid is importnt for obtining Mn sttus of n re with view to providing Mn contining supplements to grzing nimls. Mn concentrtio in different dietry fctors nd niml fluids provide indiction of the Mn intke from different sources coumed by grzing livestock, with the exception of niml reserves. Furthermore fluid nlysis of Mn concentrtion cn provide n indiction of the sub-clinicl presence of deficiencies or toxicities (Underwood, 1981), impcting optimum production. The nlysis of minerl source cn provide iights into the likely nutrient sttus of the niml. However, fctors such s soil contmintion, vrition in the vilility of ingested minerls nd selective grzing my limit the vlue of nlysed minerl concentrtio. Therefore, this study ws conducted with the objective to evlute the mngnese sttus of grzing gots on the bsis of Mn concentrtion in soil, dietry components nd niml fluid with respect to seso of the yer to know the correct time for supplementtion to improve livestock production nd result in fvourle cost-to-benefit rtio. Mterils nd Methods Soil, forge, feed supplement, wter, nd niml smples including blood, milk, feces, nd urine were collected from the frm Livestock Experimentl Sttion Rkh Khirewl locted in southern Punj in Pkistn. The frm is pproximtely 14000 hectres nd comprises out 7000 nimls. Soil, forge, feed, nd wter smples were collected eight times during the yer fortnightly (four times during both winter nd summer seso) from the psture. Within psture three sites were selected for smpling purpose. At frm, smples from herd of 30 gots in different physiologicl conditio nd gender with vrile degrees of cross breeding (10 lctting, 10 nonlctting, nd 10 mle gots) were lso collected eight times fortnightly similr to psture smples. The smples from those nimls were tken which hd been in the psture for not less thn 2 to 3 yers prior to smple collection. All the smples except soil were prepred for nlysis ccording to the techniques outlined by Fick et l. (1979). While soil Mn nlyses were conducted following the method described by Rhue nd Kidder (1983), using Mehlich I extrctnt. Mngnese concentrtio in ll the smples were determined by flme tomic sorption spectrophotometry (Py Unicm Ltd. York Street, Cmbridge UK). The dt were nlysed using split-plot completely rndomized design (Steel nd Torrie, 1980). Differences mong me were rnked using Duncn s New Multiple Rnge Test (Duncn, 1955). Results Psture Smples Soil There ws significnt effect of seso on soil Mn level but no mrked effect of fortnights ws found (Tle 1). The soil contined higher level of Mn during summer thn tht during winter. A shrp decrese from fortnight 1 to 2 followed by n increse t both fortnights 3 nd 4 ws found during winter. In contrst, during summer, n increse upto fortnight 2 ws observed followed by coistent lg phse upto the lst fortnight (Fig. 1). Forge plnts A significnt effect of seso nd fortnights ws found on forge Mn concentrtion (Tle-1). High mount of Mn ws found in forge species smpled during winter thn those during summer. A coistent decrese in forge Mn ws observed with time of smpling during winter, wheres during summer no chnge in Mn ws observed with time (Fig. 1b). Wter Both seso or fortnights did not show significnt effect in reltion to wter Mn level (Tle-1). During winter, no significnt chnge in wter Mn ws observed with time, wheres conversely during summer no coistent pttern of increse or decrese in wter Mn ws found (Fig. 1c). Feed Anlysis of vrince of dt for feed Mn level showed the significnt effect of seso nd non-significnt of smpling time (Tle 1) on Mn concentrtion contined in feed. There ws decrese in feed Mn during both seso from to fortnight I to 2 followed by n increse which persisted upto lst fortnight (Fig. 1d). Overll, feed Mn level ws higher in summer s compred to tht in winter. Animl Smples Lctting Gots Plsm Sesonl or fortnight effect on plsm Mn level ws found to be non-significnt (Tle 2). Almost no significnt chnge in plsm Mn in winter or summer t different fortnights ws found (Fig. 2) Feces Men squres from the nlysis of vrince of dt showed non-significnt effects of seso or fortnights on fecl Mn concentrtion (Tle 2). During winter, coistent increse nd during summer coistent 10
Sesonl Vrition in Mngnese Sttus of Soil decrese ws observed in fecl Mn in lctting gots (Fig-2b). Generlly, excretion of Mn through feces ws higher in winter thn tht in summer t ll fortnights except the first one. Urine Urine Mn concentrtion ws below the detection limit. Milk Significnt sesonl effect nd non-significnt tht of fortnights ws observed on milk Mn level (Tle 2). Non-coistent pttern of increse or decrese in milk Mn t different fortnights of smpling ws observed during both seso (Fig. 2d). Generlly, milk Mn ws higher in winter thn tht in summer. Non-Lctting Gots Plsm There ws non-significnt fortnight effect, but significnt sesonl effect on plsm Mn level (Tle 2b). A pttern of increse or decrese in Mn level during winter ws non-coistent, but in contrst, during summer progressive decrese in milk Mn level ws observed with time (Fig. 2e). Higher mount of Mn ws present in milk during winter thn tht during summer. Feces ffected the fecl Mn level significntly unlike the seso (Tle 2b). A coistent increse in fecl Mn ws observed with smpling time during both seso (Fig. 2f). Urine Urine Mn ws below the detection limit. Mle Gots Plsm Seso hd no effect, but fortnights ffected the plsm Mn concentrtion significntly. A mrkedly higher Mn ws found in winter thn tht in summer t ll fortnights except the second one (Tle. 2b). The pttern of increse or decrese in plsm Mn level ws non-coistent t different fortnights during both seso (Fig. 2h) Feces There ws non-significnt effect of seso on fecl Mn concentrtion, wheres conversely, the fortnights hd significnt effect on it (Tle 2b). During both seso, coistent increse in fecl Mn ws found with time of smpling (Fig. 2i). Generlly, higher mount of Mn ws excreted through feces in summer thn tht in winter. Discussion The minimum dietry Mn requirements of ruminnts re not precisely known but likely rnge between 15-25 mg/kg for nimls (Ntionl Reserch Council, 1980; Stnding Committee on Agriculture, 1990). Mn requirements re substntilly lower for growth thn for optiml reproductive performnce nd these re incresed by high intkes of C nd P. Although rrely reported for tropicl regio, clinicl sig suggesting Mn deficiency hve been observed in certin regio including Mto Grosso, Brzil (Mendes, 1977). Dietry Mn concentrtion remi one of the most useful me of detecting possible deficiency in nimls so long s the concurrent levels of elements with which Mn intercts re lso coidered. However, in the present investigtion, soil Mn levels cross ll smples were found to be high in summer nd were ove the criticl level s suggested by Rhue nd Kidder (1983). Similr Mn levels nd sesonl vrition hve erlier been reported by Tejd et l. (1985) in Guteml. Mngnese is known for its rpid oxidtion nd reduction under vrile soil environments. Oxidizing conditio my reduce Mn vilility nd reducing conditio my increse its vilility (Kt-Pendis nd Pendis, 1992). When Mn is reduced, its susceptibility to leching increses. Significnt difference ws observed in forge Mn level in different seso nd forge Mn ws ove the requirement of livestock during winter nd below the required level during summer, despite the fct tht extrctle soil Mn ws higher during summer. Similr trend in forge Mn with respect to seso hd lredy been reported (Pstrn et l., 1991; Velsquez-Pereir et l., 1997). Severl studies indicted high tolernce of Mn in ruminnts (Hrd, 1983). Minerl imblnce typified by excesses of Fe nd Mn my interfere with metolism of other minerls (Lebdosoekojo et l., 1980). Feed contined higher concentrtion of Mn in summer nd lower in winter but ws within the rnge of requirement of gots. While, wter Mn level ws found to hve no sesonl effect. The Mn content in forge ws not sufficient except during winter, lthough in feed it ws within the required rnge of ruminnts during both seso. Non-coistent reltiohips between soil nd forge Mn were found s ws lredy observed by Tejd et l. (1985, 1987) in Guteml. Plsm Mn concentrtion in non-lctting gots ws higher thn tht in lctting nd mle gots with no sesonl effect except in non-lctting gots. The nonlctting gots were found to excrete higher Mn in their feces in both seso s compred to other groups of gots. The plsm Mn concentrtion in ll clsses of gots ws ove the criticl level (Pmel et l., 2001). It is reported tht Mn deficiency in nimls my occur when diet Mn contents re less thn the required level (McDowell et l., 1978). Milk Mn contents were significntly ffected by seson nd were within the rnge of reference vlue of 0.1 mg/l in winter nd below in summer. Mngnese sorbed from the gstrointestinl trct is excreted in the feces. The sorption of ingested Mn is generlly coidered very low nd out three or four percent of 11
Khn et l. Tle-1 Anlysis of vrince of dt for Mn concentrtion in soil, forge plnts, wter, nd feed t different fortnights during winter nd summer seso t got rnch. Source of vrition S.O.V Degree of M e n s q u r e s freedom df Soil Forge plnts Wter Feed 1 235.23 * 33160.32* 0.0001 2250.36 8 37.10 22.07 0.00004 82.24 3 10.89 123.99 * 0.00003 90.47 3 68.69* 42.13 0.00008 15.27 24 16.75 6.22 0.0001 160.30 Tle-2 Source of vrition S.O.V Anlysis of vrince of dt for Mn concentrtion in blood plsm, feces, urine, nd milk of lctting gots t different fortnights during winter nd summer seso. Degree of M e n s q u r e s freedom df Plsm Feces Urine Milk * Tle-2b Source of vrition S.O.V Degree of freedom df M e n s q u r e s Non-lctting gots Mle gots Plsm Feces Urine Plsm Feces * * * * 12
Sesonl Vrition in Mngnese Sttus of Soil Mn (mg/kg dry soil) 72 68 64 60 56 52 ) Soil b) Forge plnts c bc WINTER bc Mn (mg/kg dry forge) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 d b WINTER b d d d c Mn (mg/l) 0.036 0.030 0.024 0.018 0.012 0.006 0.000 c) Wter d) Feed Mn (mg/kg dry feed) 155 150 145 140 135 130 125 120 115 Fig-1: Mn concentrtion in () soil, (b) forge plnts, (c) wter, nd (d) feed t different fortnights during winter nd summer seso (got frm). (Me with the sme letters do not differ significntly t P<0.05) LACTATING GOATS NON-LACTATING GOATS MALE GOATS ) Plsm e) Plsm h) Plsm Interction = b b bc c c cd c bcd Mn (mg/kg dry feces) d b) Feces f) Feces i) Feces Interction = Interction = bc b cd cd de c) Urine g) Urine e Mn (mg/kg dry feces) Mn (mg/kg dry feces) Below Detection Limit Below Detection Limit d) Milk Interction = Fig-2: Mn concentrtion in different smple types of lctting, non-lctting, nd mle gots t different fortnights during winter nd summer (Me with the sme letters do not differ significntly t P<0.05) 13
Khn et l. Mn ingested is sorbed nd rpidly distributed to mny tissues. In this study, low level of Mn in plsm slightly ove the criticl level my be possible explntion of less sorption. The high level of Mn (95-98%) in nimls hs been reported to be excreted through feces. In nother study, toxic levels of Mn dministered orlly to lmbs were excreted exclusively through feces (Wtson et l., 1973). It is concluded tht vrile excretion nd sorption re mjor homoeostsis mechnisms by which nimls mintin norml helthy nd performnce over the wide rnge of Mn intke under field conditio. The minimum differences observed in Mn plsm level in different clsses of gots my be dependent on dietry requirement of Mn of different nimls under different physiologicl conditio. Although higher level of Mn ws found in the feed, it does not men tht mximum level would hve been ville biologiclly to the nimls. Vrious fctors ffect the coumption of minerl mixture like forge type coumed, ville protein supplement, individul requirement, slt content of drinking wter, pltility of minerl mixture, vilility of fresh minerls, nd physicl form of the feed (McDowell, 1992, 1997). Therefore, the Mn content of forge, feed nd wter found in this study re not the criteri for minerl need of nimls. The levels of C nd P in the diet ffect Mn requirement nd sorption. C nd P nd other unidentified fctors re lso cple of cusing Mn deficiency, by incresing Mn requirement (Underwood, 1977). Low forge Mn during summer my hve been due to soil fctors, plnt species, stge of mturity, yield, psture mngement, nd soil ph. While studying minerl composition of tropicl grss, significnt yer x species x ge interction in Mn content ws found (Gomide et l., 1969). Poor dringe conditio increse forge Mn nd incresing soil ph decreses plnt vilility nd uptke of Mn (Cox, 1973). Mn concentrtion of forge (40 mg/kg) is coidered dequte, 20-40 mg/kg borderline, nd less thn 20 mg/kg deficient for ruminnts. Likewise, soil, wter nd feed lso provide Mn towrds meeting the niml's requirement. In this study, it ws found tht forge contined less thn required Mn in summer, but no deficiency level in plsm ws found, which indicted tht feed nd wter minerls provided Mn to complement the forge Mn. It is concluded tht forge nd feed Mn contents were sufficient to mintin norml Mn plsm level in gots. No sesonl differences were found in plsm Mn except in non-lctting gots. The Mn sttus of soil in both seso ws dequte while forge ws severely deficient during summer. Plsm Mn levels in nimls were ove the criticl levels during both seso. References Cox, F.R. Micronutrients. In: A Review of Soil reserch in tropicl Ltin Americ. 1973. pp:182-189. North Crolin Agr. Exp. St., Rleigh. Duncn, D.B. Multiple rnge nd multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. 1955. Fick, K.R., McDowell, L.R., Miles, P.H. Wilkion, N.S., Funk, J.D. nd Conrd. J.H. Methods of minerl nlysis for plnt nd niml tissues (2 nd Ed.). Dept. Anim. Sci., Univ. Florid, Ginesville. 1979. Gomide, J.A. Minerl composition of grsses nd tropicl leguminous forges, pp: 32-40. In: J.M. Conrd nd McDowell, L.R. (Ed.). Lttin Americn Symposium on Minerl Nutrition with Grzing Ruminnts. Univ. Florid, Ginesville. 1978. Gomide, J.A., Noller, C.H., Mott, G.O., Conrd, J.H. nd Hill, D.L. Minerl composition of six tropicl grsses s influenced by plnt ge nd nitrogen fertiliztion. Agron. J., 1969. 61:120. Hrd, S.L. Microminerls for ruminnt nimls. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. Ser. 1983. B. 53 No. 1. pp:24-35. Commonwelth Bureu of Nutrition. Kt-Pendis, A. nd Pendis. H. Trce Elements in Soils nd Plnts. CRC Press Inc., Boc Rton, FL. 1992. Lebdosoekojo, S., Ammermn, C.B., Run, N.S., Gomez J. nd Little, R.C. Minerl nutrition of beef cttle grzing ntive pstures on the estern pli of Colombi. J. Anim. Sci., 1980. 15:1249-1260. McDowell, L.R. Nutrition of Grzing Ruminnts in Wrm Climtes. Acdemic Press New York, 1985. pp: 443. McDowell, L.R. Vitmi in Animl Nutrition. Comprtive Aspects to Humn Nutrition. Acdemic Press, Sn Diego. 1989. McDowell, L.R. Minerls in Animl nd Humn Nutrition. Acdemic Press, Sn Diego, Clif. 1992. McDowell, L.R. Minerls for Grzing Ruminnts in Tropicl Regio. Exteion Bulletin, Anim. Sci. Dept. Centre for Trop. Agric.,Univ. Florid. 1997. pp:81. McDowell, L.R., Houser, H. nd Fick, K.R. Iron, zinc, nd mngnese in ruminnt nutrition. In: J.H. Conrd nd L.R. McDowell (Eds.). Ltin Americn Symposium on Minerl Nutrition Reserch with Grzing Ruminnts 1978. pp: 80-83. Univ. Florid, Ginesville. 14
Sesonl Vrition in Mngnese Sttus of Soil McDowell, L.R., Conrd, J.H. nd Hembry, F.G. Minerl for Grzing Ruminnts in Tropicl Regio. Univ. Florid, Ginesville. 1993. Mendes, M.O. Minerl sttus of beef cttle in the northern prt of Mto Grosso, Brzil, s indicted by ge, seson nd smpling technique. Ph.D. Disserttion, Univ. of Florid, Ginesville. 1977. Ntionl Reserch Council. Minerl Tolernce of Domestic Animls. Ntl. Acd. Sci., Wshington, D.C. 1980. Pmel, H.M., Wilkion, N.S. nd McDowell, L.R. Anlysis of Minerls for Animl Nutrition Reserch. Dept. Anim. Sci., Univ. Florid. 2001. pp: 117. Pstrn, R., McDowell, L.R., Conrd, J.H. nd Wilkion, N.S. Minerl sttus of sheep in the Prmo region of Colombi. II. Trce minerls. Smll Rumin. Res., 1991. 5:23-34. Reid, R.L. nd Horvth, D.J. Soil chemistry nd minerl problems in frm livestock: review. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 1980. 5: 95-167. Rhue, R.D. nd Kidder, G. Anlyticl procedures used by the IFAS exteion soil lortory nd the interprettion of results. Soil Sci. Dept., Univ. Florid, Ginesville. 1983. Rojs, L.X., McDowell, L.R. Wilkion, N.S. nd Mrtin. F.G. Minerl sttus of soils, forges nd beef cttle in South-Estern Venezuel. II. Microminerls. Int. J. Anim. Sci., 1993. 8:183-188. Stnding Committee on Agriculture. Feeding Stndrds for Austrlin Livestock. Ruminnts. CSIRO: Est Melbourne. 1990. Steel, R.G.D. nd Torrie, J.H. Principles nd procedures of sttistics. A Biometricl pproch (2 nd Ed.). McGrw Hill Book Co. New York. 1980. Tejd, R., McDowell, L.R., Mrtin, F.G. nd Conrd, J.H. Minerl element nlyses of vrious tropicl forges in Guteml nd their reltiohip to soil concentrtio. Nutr. Rep. Int., 1985. 32:313-323. Tejd, R., McDowell, L.R., Mrtin, F.G. nd Conrd, J.H. Evlution of cttle trce minerl sttus in specific regio of Guteml. Trop. Agric., 1987. 64:55-60 Tiffny, M.E., McDowell, L.R., O'Connor, G.A., Nguyen, H., Mrtin, F.G., Wilkion, N.S. nd Ktzowitz, N.A. Effects of residul nd repplied biosolids on forge nd soil concentrtio over grzing seson in north Florid. II. Microminerls. Commun. Soil Sci. Plnt Anl., 2001. 32: 2211-2226. Underwood, E.J. Trce Elements in Humn nd Animl Nutrition. Acdemic Press, New York. 1977. Underwood, E.J. The Minerl Nutrition of Livestock. Commonwelth Agriculturl Bureux, London. 1981. Vrgs, D.R., McDowell, L.R., Conrd, J.H. Mrtin, F.G., Buergelt, C. nd Ellis, G.L. The minerl sttus of cttle in Colombi s relted to wsting disese "secder". Trop. Anim. Proc., 1984. 9: 103-113. Velsquez-Pereir, J.B., McDowell, L.R., Conrd, J.H. Wilkion, N.S. nd Mrtin, F.G. Minerl sttus of soils, forges, nd cttle in Nicrgu. I. Micro-minerls. Rev. Fc. Agron., 1997. 14: 73-89. Wtson. L.T., Ammermn, C.B., Fester, J.P. nd Roessler, C.E. Influence of mngnese intke on metolism of mngnese nd other minerls in sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 1973. 36:131. 15