CHAPTER 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole OBJECTIVES 1. Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body. 2. Identify the body cavities and the organs contained within the cavities. 3. Locate and identify the anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back. 4. Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions and planes of the body. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY CELLS the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant) all cells are similar - they all have... cell membrane (selectively permeable lipid bilayer) that surrounds and protects the cell / regulates homeostasis cytoplasm (glatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats and minerals) that supplies the chemical needs of the cell and carries out the work of the cell nucleus controls the operations of the cell - directs division and determines the structure and function of the cell (contains the cell s DNA) chromosomes are rod-like structures within the nucleus (usually unwound as chromatin unless dividing) all human body cells (except sex cells) contain 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes - sex cells have 23 unpaired chromosomes chromosomes contain genes in an orderly sequence - each gene contains DNA that regulates the activity of the cell karyotype is a photograph of an individual s chromosomes arranged by size, shape and number (1-23) karyotyping can determine chromosomal abnormalities (Down s syndrome, Turner s syndrome, Klinefelter s syndrome) mitochondria (power house) are small sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning complex carbohydrates (sugar / fat) in the presence of oxygen (O2) catabolism - breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars (glucose) with the release of energy endoplasmic reticulum is a network (reticulum) of canals (containing ribosomes) within the cell that manufactures proteins anabolism - the process of building up complex substances (proteins / lipids) from simpler substances (amino acids / fatty acids) - supports the growth of the cell protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer) lipid synthesis occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser) 1
metabolism is the total of the chemical processes occurring in the cell (catabolism + anabolism) golgi apparatus is a flattened stack of membranes that sorts and packages substances within the cell lysosomes are small vesicles that contain enzymes that break down or digest substances within the cell (waste disposal system) cells are differentiated throughout the body to carry out individual functions cells are grouped into functioning units called tissue... there are five general tissue types: epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective tissue and blood TISSUE a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job histologist (hist/o = tissue): scientist who specializes in the study of tissue Epithelial Tissue forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin - located all over the body Muscle Tissue voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) is found in arms, legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control involuntary muscle (smooth muscle) is found in the digestive system and other organs where movement is not under conscious control cardiac muscle is a specialized muscle found only in the heart 2
Connective Tissue include adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic and fibrous tissue), bone and blood Nerve Tissue conducts impulses all over the body ORGANS different types of tissue combine to form an organ ex: stomach = muscle tissue, nerve tissue and glandular epithelium viscera = internal organs ORGAN SYSTEMS groups of organs working together to perform complex functions BODY CAVITIES a space within the body that contains internal organs (viscera) page 37 textbook copy the chart detailing the organ systems of the body practice spelling and identifying the organs that belong to each system pause cranial - brain,pituitary gland thoracic - lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta the thoracic cavity is divided into two smaller cavities 1. pleural cavity - space between the folds of the pleura (double folded membrane that surrounds the lung and protects them) 2. mediastinum - centrally located area outside of and between the lungs (contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes and many lymph nodes 3
abdominal - stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gall bladder - the peritoneum (double folded membrane) surrounds the abdominal cavity the kidneys are situated behind (retroperitoneal) the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone the diaphragm (muscle wall) separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities pelvic - portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus and vagina (female) spinal - nerves of the spinal cord dorsal body cavities - cranial and spinal located on the back (posterior) portion of the body ventral body cavities - thoracic, abdominal and pelvic located on the front (anterior) portion of the body ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND QUADRANTS REGIONS doctors divide the abdominopelvic area into 9 regions right hypochondriac region (right upper region below the ribs) left hypochondriac region epigastric region (above the stomach) right lumbar region (right middle region near the waist) left lumbar region umbilical region (navel / umbilicus) right inguinal / iliac region (right lower region near the groin) left inguinal / iliac region hypogastric region (middle lower region below the umbilicus) QUADRANTS the abdominopelvic area can be divided into 4 quadrants RUQ (right upper quadrant) - liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of pancreas, parts of small and large intestines LUQ (left upper quadrant) - liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines RLQ (right lower quadrant) - parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary and fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter LLQ (left lower quadrant) - parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary and fallopian tube, left ureter 4
DIVISIONS OF THE BACK (spinal column) the spinal column is composed of a series of bones that extend from the neck to the tailbone - each bone is a vertebra (vertebrae) cervical - neck region C1-C7 thoracic - chest region T1-T12 (each bone is attached to a rib) lumbar - loin (waist) or flank region (between ribs and hipbone)l1-l5 sacral - S1 - S5 are fused to form one bone: sacrum coccygeal - coccyx (tailbone) is a bone composed of four fused pieces POSITIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS anterior (ventral) front surface of the body posterior (dorsal) the back side of the body deep away from the surface superficial on the surface proximal near the attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure distal far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure inferior below another structure superior above another structure medial pertaining to the middle lateral pertaining to the side supine lying on the back prone lying on the front PLANES OF THE BODY frontal (coronal) plane vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions sagittal (lateral) plane lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides transverse plane (cross-sectional / axial) horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground the cross-sectional plane divides the body into upper and lower portions 5