Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetaminophen, in neck pain, 505 506 Acupuncture, chi and, 524 for mechanical neck disorders, 525 in neck pain, 524 525 safety of, 525 Adson test, 477, 478 Analgesics, topical, in neck pain, 509 510 Ankylosing hyperostosis. See Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic. Ankylosing spondylitis, back pain in, 487 chest wall expansion in, 488 delay in diagnosis of, 488 extra-articular complications of, 489 laboratory assessment of, 488 spinal fractures and, 423 treatment of, 489 Antiepileptic drugs, in neck pain, 508 Arthropathies, inflammatory, neck pain in, 375 Athlete, competitive, cervical spine pain in, 459 471 Atlantoaxial disease, in rheumatoid arthritis, 420, 421 Atlantoaxial instability, conditions associated with, 419 422, 423 in Down syndrome, 468 469 Atlantoaxial subluxation, in rheumatoid arthritis, 420, 421, 486 B Botulinum toxin, in neck pain, 510 Burners, in athletes, 462 463 C Canadian C-Spine Rules, trauma patients and, 413, 414 Capsaicin, topical, in neck pain, 509 Capsular strain, facet joint whiplash injury and, 453 454 Cervical canal stenosis, 390 Cervical cord neuropraxia, in athlete, 463 464 Cervical facet arthrosis, 390 Cervical facet-mediated pain, 447 458 diagnostic injections in, 451 differential diagnosis of, 451 Cervical pain, cervical epidural injections in, 540 542 cervical zygapophyseal (facet) joint injections in, 542 546 interventional procedures for, 539 549 Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 22 (2011) 557 564 doi:10.1016/s1047-9651(11)00067-2 1047-9651/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. pmr.theclinics.com
558 Cervical (continued) percutaneous procedures for, 539 540 Cervical radicular pain, and cervical radiculopathy, 368 and neck pain, compared, 367 causes of, 369 perception in upper limb, 369 Cervical spine, degenerative changes in, 390 emergencies involving, 459 462 evaluation of, in differential diagnosis of neck pain, 403 injury of, emergency department neurologic examination in, 461 initial evaluation in, 460 on-field evaluation in, 460 461 pain in, in competitive athlete, 459 471 stenosis of, in athlete, 464 465 Cervical sprains, in athletes, 466 Cervical strains, in athletes, 466 Cervical vertebrae, fusion of, in Klippel-Feil anomaly, 421, 422 Chiari malformations, 424 425 Chiropractic care, in neck pain, 522 524 Compound muscle action potentials, 431 Corticosteroids, in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, 491 in giant cell arteritis, 493 Craniocervical instability, in Down syndrome, 420 421 Cryotherapy, in neck pain, 513 514 CT, for surgical planning, 416 417 D Dermatomyositis, and polymyositis, cardiac involvement in, 490 diagnosis of, 490 491 lung involvement in, 490 muscle weakness in, 489 490 prognosis in, 491 skin rashes in, 490 Diathermy, in neck pain, 514 515 Diffusion tensor imaging, of cervical spine, 417 Diffusion-weighted imaging, of cervical spine, 417, 418 Disc disease, degenerative, and neck pain, differential diagnosis of, 389 Discogenic/radicular pain, in athlete, 467 468 Diskography, provocative, in cervical spondylosis, 552 553 Down syndrome, atlantoaxial instability in, 468 469 craniocervical instability in, 420 421 E Electromyogram, sensitivity of, in detection of radiculopathy, 430 431 Electromyography, in thoracic outlet syndrome, 479 needle, in cervical radiculopathy, 442 in stingers, 463 Electrotherapy, in neck pain, 512 513 Elevated arm stress test, 478 Epidural injections, cervical, interlaminar, 541 542 transforaminal, 542
559 Epidural interventions, cervical, in cervical pain, 540 542 Evoked potentials, in evaluation of radiculopathy, 432 433 Exercise, therapeutic, in neck pain, 510 Extremities, evaluation of, in neck pain, 388 F Facet joints. See Zygapophyseal (facet) joints. Feldenkrais Method, efficacy and cost of, 532 for patient with neck pain, 531 532 principle of, 531 Fiber tracking, in spinal cord injury, 417 418 Fibromyalgia syndrome, 390 391, 399 and myofascial pain syndrome, 495 496 in rheumatic conditions, 495 symptoms of, 494 495 treatment of, 495 Forestier disease. See Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic. G Galvanic stimulation, in neck pain, 513 Giant cell arteritis, diagnosis of, 493 polymyalgia rheumatica and, 492 494 symptoms of, 493 treatment of, 493 Gilliatt-Summer Hand, 476 Glenohumeral instability, 397 H Hyoid bone syndrome, 376 Hyperabduction test, 474, 475, 478, 479 480 I Inflammatory arthropathies, neck pain in, 375 Interferential current, in neck pain, 513 Iontophoresis, in neck pain, 513 K Klippel-Feil anomaly, cervical vertebrae fusion in, 421, 422 L Laminoplasty, in cervical myelopathy, 554 Longus colli tendonitis, 375 Low back pain, chronic, yoga for, 528 529 red flags for, 384 yellow flags for, 385 M Manual therapy, in neck pain, 511 512 Massage therapy, in neck pain, 527 528 Medial branch blocks, cervical, 544 545
560 Methylprednisolone, in spinal cord injury, 466 Military brace test, 477 478 Motor nerve conduction studies, in radiculopathy, 431 MRI, diffusion-weighted, in spinal cord injury, 417 418 in cervical spine stenosis, 465 of trauma patients, 415 416 Muscle relaxants, in neck pain, 508 509 Muscle testing, manual, in neck pain, 387 Myelography, CT, in degenerative joint disease, 416 417 Myelopathy, cervical, natural history of, 554 physical examination in, 554 surgery in, 554 Myofascial neck pain, 398 Myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome and, 495 496 N National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS), in athletic injury, 461 of trauma patients, 412 413, 414 Neck, radiologic evaluation of, review of modalities in, 411 428 Neck pain, acetaminophen in, 505 506 acupuncture in, 524 525 anatomy and pathophysiology of, 367 382 and cervical radicular pain, compared, 367 antiepileptic drugs in, 508 causes of, 373 377 chiropractic care in, 522 524 clinical studies of, 371 373 complementary and alternative treatment for, 521 537 conservative treatment for, 503 520 definition of, 369 differential diagnosis of, 388 391 distribution of, and relief of, 372 in normal volunteers, 370 371 electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 429 438 epidemiology of, 383, 384 etiology classification of, 395 397 facet-mediated, epidemiology of, 448 physical examination in, 450 451 following whiplash injuries, 452 453 from rhematologic perspective, 485 502 from spine surgeon s perspective, 551 555 history of, 383 386 physical examination, and differential diagnosis of, 383 392 incidence of, 521 massage therapy in, 527 528 medications for treatment of, 503 muscle relaxants in, 508 509 neurologic involvement in, evaluation of, 405 nonopioids in, 507 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in, 504 505 opioids in, 506 507
561 past medical history and, 386 patterns of pain in, 398 399 physical examination in, 387 388 physical modalities in, 519 515 qualities of pain in, eliciting of, 384 386 sources of, 369 373 topical analgesics in, 509 510 tramadol in, 507 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in, 526 527 tricyclic antidepressants in, 507 508 vascular disorders in, 373 375 versus shoulder pain, diagnostic testing in, 403 405 evaluation of patient with, 395 410 location of pain and, 398 399 patient history in, 397 401 symptom assessment in, 400 exacerbating and alleviating factors and, 399 inspection in, 401 neurologic examination in, 402 403 neurologic symptoms in, 399 400 palpation in, 401 402 range if motion testing in, 402 special tests in, 403, 404 sports and work activity in, 400 401 whiplash-associated, radiofrequency ablation in, 454 WHO analgesic stepladder in, 503 504 yoga in, 528 530 Needle electrode examination, abnormalities on, in neuropathy, 433 434 in electrodiagnostic testing, 429 segmental localization of lesions and, 434 Nerve roots, anatomy of, 439 cervical, association with pain, 441 selective injections of, 542 variation of, needle electrode examination in, 430 Neuropathic pain, trauma-related, 398 Neurotomy, radiofrequency, in facetogenic pain, 545 546 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in, in neck pain, 504 505 Nuclear medicine studies, of cervical spine, 418 O Opioids, in neck pain, 506 507 Os odontoideum, in spinal abnormalities, 422, 423 Osteoarthritis, 376 P Paget s disease, 375 376 Paraspinal muscles, abnormalities of, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, 434 435 Phonophoresis, in neck pain, 514 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 375, 391, 399 and giant cell arteritis, 492 494 symptoms of, 494
562 Polymyalgia (continued ) treatment of, 494 Polymyositis. See Dermatomyositis, and polymyositis. Postural disorders, 376 Prednislone, in giant cell arteritis, 494 R Radicular pain, cervical. See Cervical radicular pain. Radiculopathy, cervical, 439 446 and cervical radicular pain, 368 causes of, 368, 389 390, 429, 440 clinical presentation of, 440 441 conservative treatment of, 553 definition of, 553 diagnosis of, 390 diagnostic evaluation in, 442 differential diagnosis of, 443 diskectomy and fusion in, 553 554 electrodiagnostic confirmation of, 435 epidemiology of, 439 epidural injections in, 444 evaluation of, MRI testing in, 405 F wave in, 432 H-reflex in, 432 history and examination in, 429 430 immobilization in, 444 in athletes, 467 468 natural history of, 553 pain in, 399 pathophysiology of, 439 440 pharmacotherapy in, 443 physical examination in, 441 physical therapy in, 443 444 surgery in, 444 symptoms of, 389 traction in, 444 treatment of, 442 444 detection of, electromyogram in, sensitivity of, 430 431 Radiofrequency ablation, in whiplash-associated neck pain, 454 Radiofrequency neurotomy, in facetogenic pain, 545 546 Radiography, of cervical spine, in cervical radiculopathy, 442 of trauma patients, 412 415 plain, of cervical spine, 411 412 Reflexes, testing of, in neck pain, 387 Retropharyngeal tendinitis, 375 Rheumatoid arthritis, 485 487 atlantoaxial disease in, 420, 421, 486 clinical findings in, 486 imaging in, 486 487 treatment of, 487 Roos test, 478
563 S Shoulder, evaluation of, in differential diagnosis of neck pain, 403 405 pathology of, and neck pain, 388 Shoulder pain, etiology classification of, 395 397 neck pain versus. See Neck pain, versus shoulder pain. Single-photon emission CT (SPECT), of spine, 418, 419 Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic, characteristics of, 491 diagnosis of, 492 differential diagnosis of, 492 spinal fractures and, 423 symptoms of, 491 492 treatment of, 492 Spinal cord, injury of, diffusion-weighted MRI imaging in, 418 in athlete, 465 466 Spinal cord stimulation, for neuromodulation in cervical pain, 546 547 Spinal manipulation therapy, contraindications to, 522, 523 in neck pain, 522 523 Spine, cervical. See Cervical spine. fractures of, and ankylosing spondylitis, 423 diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and, 423 Spine surgeon, neck pain from perspective of, 551 555 Spondylitic myelopathy, cervical, 424 Spondylosis, 376 cervical, conservative management of, 551 552 persistent pain in, 552 provocative diskography in, 552 553 Spurling maneuver, in neck pain, 388, 441 Stingers, in athletes, 462 463 Synovial cyst, 375 Synovial fold impingement, facet joint whiplash injury and, 453 T Tai chi chuan, in neck pain, 530 531 Temporal arteritis. See Giant cell arteritis. Temporal artery biopsy, in giant cell arteritis, 493 Thermotherapy, in neck pain, 514 Thoracic outlet, anatomy of, 473 474 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 473 483 ancillary testing in, 479 480 arterial, 475 clinical presentations of, 475 476 diagnosis of, 405, 476 478 epidemiology of, 474 475 neurogenic, 476 treatment of, 480 pathoanatomy of, 473 474 surgical management in, 480 481 vascular, treatment of, 480 venous, 475 476 Torg ratio, 464 465
564 Torticollis, 375 Traction, cervical, in neck pain, 512 Tramadol, in neck pain, 507 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, in neck pain, 526 527 Tricyclic antidepressants, in neck pain, 507 508 Trigger point injections, in neck pain, 510 U Ultrasonography, in musculoskeletal medicine, 419 V Vertebral artery dissection, neck pain in, 375 Visual analog scale, 397 W Whiplash, as descriptive term, 452 zygapophyseal (facet) joint injury during, 453 454 Whiplash injuries, biomechanical forces occurring during, 453 454 motor vechicle accidents and, 452 neck pain following, 452 453 World Health Organization, analgesic stepladder in, 503 504 Wright test, 474, 475, 478 Y Yoga, contraindications to, 530 focuses of, 529 in neck pain, 528 530 Z Zygapophyseal (facet) joints, anatomy of, 448 449 imaging of, 451 452 injections of, in cervical pain, 542 546 injury during whiplash, 453 454 pain arising from, clinical presentation of, 449 450