Oil Seeds, Crush and Refining FEED and FOOD safety Barry Brakenhoff 1
Agenda - OilSeeds - Origin - Uses for the Oilseeds - Uses for the Oilseeds Oil - Uses for the Oilseeds Meal - Food / Feedsafety 2
Cargill GOSCE focuses on the six major Grains & Oilseeds OILSEEDS Sunflower Seed Rape Seed (Canola) Soya Bean GRAINS Wheat Maize (Corn) Barley 3 3
Countries of origin Oilseeds OILSEEDS Sunflower Seed Rape Seed (Canola) Soya Beans 4 4
A Goo Sta Is h The Batt Een Goe Beg Is h Hal Wer 5
Uses for Oilseeds FEED FOOD Technical 6
Uses for Oilseeds Products made from / with Oilseeds FOOD TECHNICAL FEED
Uses for Oilseeds Products made from / with Oilseeds? Did you think this?
Uses for Oilseeds Oilseeds are processed for production of FOOD products 9
Uses of Oilseed Oil Meal(*) 80% Soy Rape and Sun Meal (*) 58% Oil 20% Oil 42% 10
Uses of Oilseed Oil Soy Oil Rape and Sun Oil Meal(*) 80% Oil 20% Meal (*) 58% Oil 42% 11
Main use Seed Oils in Feed Stuffs Crude Rapeseed Oil Aqua feed Crude Sunflower Oil Poultry feed Crude soybean Oil Poultry feed / Dairy feed 12
Uses of Oilseed Meal Soy Meal Rape and Sun Meal 20% 80% 42% 58% Meal (*) Oil >80% FEED Some Food Some Tech 13
Feed safety 10 Kg of Feed results in: 1kg Beef 3kg Pork 5kg Chicken 14
Sources of Protein in Feed Oilseed meals are the main source of protein in feedstuffs Rape and Sun Meal 25% Others 12% Soy Meal 63% Source: Fevac.eu 15
Sources of Protein in Feed Here are your oilseeds again!
Food / Feed safety of Oilseeds/products 17
Most important hazards Oilseeds RISK OIL MEAL By Products Pesticides X (crude) X PAH4/BaP X (refined) X Bacteria (salmonella) Dioxins / PCB s If coconut Coconut and FAD Mineral Oil X X GMO X X X X In depth incoming raw material risk assessment is advised, combined with good process knowledge, in order to assure food/feed safe products. 18
Raw material material risk assessment 19
Field Storage - Elevators Previous crop Tillage Cultivar (seeds) Fungicides Adjustment of Combine Harvester more dust & admixture = more mycotoxins + if MAIZE - if WHEAT or OILSEEDS + if NO TILLAGE - if TILLAGE VARIETIES - or + SENSITIVE Use of fungicide at right time minimize mycotoxins spread Mycotoxins FEED FOOD CUSTOMERS
Raw material risk assessment based on Knowledge of the practices and local requirements in the supply chain Data such as monitoring results Product characteristics, change in (GMO) varieties Climate circumstances (e.g. aflatoxin, wet means drying, etc) HIGH RISK MEDIUM LOW RISK This means: Risks may vary from year to year (crop to crop) 21
Pesticides / Chemicals Fertilizer Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Herbicide: Drying of the product Fertilizer Fertilizor: fertilizer: Nitrogen Fungicide: Foliar Flag before harvest Treated seeds: Insecticide Herbicide: Insecticide: leaf + protection weeds Fungicide Sesamia/Pyrale Insecticide Herbicide: for bottom Mais Generiek insects Herbicide: Fungicide: Insecticide: weeds Fusarium, At aphid contamination Eyespot Fungicide: Septoria treatment
Pesticides (limits) http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/
Pesticides (oil seeds) The majority of the pesticides we find (in oil seeds / oil) are: Lipophilic / Fat Soluble (F) and are hardly solvable in water. Water solvable pesticides are normally flushed away by rain before the harvest. If present they will end up in the meals (and sometimes in the oil)
Pesticides Transfer Oil seed or Oil % Transfer factor fruit Palm fruit 50-55 2 Cocos 20 5 Palm kernel 45 2 Rapeseed 40-45 2,5 Sunflower 40-45 2,5 Soy bean 20% oil Rape & Sun 42% oil Soy 19 5 5x 2,5x If there is (F) mentioned (* And if the P Log > 3 ( in limited countries an accepted method)
Pesticides Transfer QUIZ Soy Bean Oil Rape Seed Oil 26
Pesticides (limits) GORBE Product Assurance Team MRL of Chlorpyrifos in oilseeds is 0,05 mg/kg 20% oil Rape 42% oil Soy 5x 2,5x 0,250 mg/kg 0,125 mg/kg 27
PAH4 One of the most common contaminants found in extracted rapeseed, soya and sunflower oils PAH4 and BaP contamination usually comes from the exhaust residues of poorly maintained direct heat grain dryers, or dryers using dirty fuels such as heavy fuel oil or diesel Poorly maintained burners often burn with a yellow flame, showing incomplete oxidation of the fuel and causing additional contaminants in the exhaust gases In (old fashioned) grain dryers pass the burner exhaust gasses directly through the grains and seeds 28
PAH4 PAH4 is group of 4 types of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Benzo(a)antracene Benzo(b) fluoranthene The sum of above is called PAH4
PAH4 Food stuffs: PAH4 as a group in food products is 10 µg/kg And there is a separate limit for BaP: 2 µg/kg Feed stuffs: There is no official limit, but GMP+ has the following limits: Product Action limit Rejection limit Oils and fats (excluding palm(kernel)-, coconutoil and products derived thereof) 160 µg/kg 200 µg /kg Palm(kernel)-, coconutoil and and products derived thereof) 320 µg/kg 400 µg/kg 30
Feed safety Bacteria / Salmonella 2300 strains of salmonella have been identified but only a few cause problems in humans 40% of food poisoning outbreaks are caused by salmonella Salmonalla is not a problem in oil, but a problem in meal Feed limits: Absent in 25 grams 31
Dioxins and PCB s The source of dioxins : - Byproducts of PCB production - Waste incineration - Formed by burning hydrocarbons and chloride PCB s were used in the past as cooling and insulating fluid for industrial transformers and capacitors 32
Dioxins and PCB s (Limits) Food WHO-TEQ 0,75 pg/g 0,00000000000075 g/g and for feed is WHO-TEQ 0,75 ng/kg 0,00000000075 g/kg 33
Dioxins (Limits) Feed based on 12% moisture Dioxins (1) Undesirable substances Action threshold Maximum content 0,5 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % 0,75 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCB s (2) // 1,5 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % Dioxin-like PCB s (3) Non-Dioxin-like PCB s (4) 0,5 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % 10 000 ppt (10 ppb) = 10 µg/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % (1) Dioxins = sum of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), expressed as World Health Organisation (WHO) toxic equivalent using the WHO-toxic equivalency factors (WHO-TEFs, 2005) (2) sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs = sum of PCDDs, PCDFs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), expressed as WHO toxic equivalent using the WHO-TEFs (toxic equivalency factors, 2005) (3) DL PCB s = sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), expressed as WHO toxic equivalent using the WHO-TEFs (toxic equivalency factors, 2005) (4) Non-DL PCB s = sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 (ICES-6) 34
PCB s (Limits) Food: PCB 10: 40 ng/g = 40 µg/kg Feed: d: PCB 10: 40 ng/g = 40 µg/kg Non-dioxin-like PCBs (sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 Feed: Action limit 10 µg/kg Rejection limit Dioxin-like PCBs 0,5 ng/kg Sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs 18 (sum of polychlorinated dibenzo- para-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 1,5 ng/kg 35
Mycotoxines / Natural Poisons Moulds and fungi Often found in cereal grains (and in lesser extent oilseeds), while not toxic themselves, are often able to produce toxic by-products (mycotoxins) Naturally occurring poisons Found in some weed seeds such as ambrosia*, mustard, cotton, datura etc 36
Mycotoxines / Natural Poisons (Limits) Moulds and fungi e.g. Aflatoxin Limits in Feed: (EU) 574/2011 / 2002/32/EC: 0,02 mg/kg GMP+ dairy farmer : 0,005 mg/kg Naturally occurring poisons Limits: Most of the cases not detectable 37
Heavy metals Mercury(Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As) From environmental contamination (field) Or by admixture e.g. adding soil (adding weight) Feed limits Hg (0,1 mg/kg), Cd (1 mg/kg), Pb (10 mg/kg), As (2 mg/kg) 38
Oil, grease and fuel contamination Oilseeds are particularly high risk as contaminating oil, grease and fuel will get extracted into the finished oil products Mineral oils, greases and fuels could contain dioxins, heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are all highly carcinogenic US uses mineral oils for dust suppression on the soybeans 39
Oil, grease and fuel contamination (limits) Ukraine Sun Flower oil: Sat C10-C56 from external sources Max 50 mg/kg ((EC)1151/2009) Repealed by EC 853/2014 Other vegetable oils: Hydrocarbons C10-C40: 400 mg/kg (GMP+) Current attention of media. 40
GMO GM varieties of rape (canola), soy beans, mais / corn are being grown throughout the world Control of these crops at the farm level (outside US) is often poor Many food products in the EU are sold as containing no GM material Most of the soy imported in the EU is GMO 41
GMO (Limits) In Europe the legal limit for approved GM inclusion is 0.9% and grains with a level greater than this must be labelled as GM Labelling required for all products containing >0,9% GMO Whole seeds need to be labelled with GMO type e.g. MON-Ø4Ø32-6, not Products made made from these GMO products 42
Questions?