Surg Oncol Clin N Am 14 (2005) 433 439 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominosacral resection, of recurrent rectal cancer, 202 215 Ablative techniques, image-guided, in pelvic malignancies, 417 429 cryoablation, 418 421 microwave ablation, 424 428 radiofrequency ablation, 421 424 Adjuvant therapy, chemoradiotherapy after local excision of rectal cancer, 189 190 radiation before extended pelvic resection of sarcomas or visceral tumors invading musculoskeletal pelvis, 397 398 See also Neoadjuvant therapy. Anastomosis, colorectal, proctectomy with, in rectal cancer, 157 180 Anastomotic recurrence, of rectal cancer, treatment of, 199 Autonomic nerves, pelvic, 140 141 B Bacille Calmette-Gue rin (BCG), intravesical immunotherapy with, for superficial bladder cancer, 324 332 complications of, 327 cystectomy after, 330 331 follow-up after, 331 332 prognostic factors with, 330 second-line, 328 329 tumor prophylaxis and, 332 BCG. See Bacille Calmette-Gue rin. Bladder cancer, invasive, 333 344 diagnosis, 333 334 treatment, 334 344 adjuvant chemotherapy, 339 340 bladder-preservation protocols, 341 342 chemotherapy, 337 338 extended lymphadenectomy, role of, 337 follow-up after cystectomy, 342 343 neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 338 339 partial cystectomy, 334 pelvic lymphadenopathy, 336 337 radical cystectomy, 334 336 radiotherapy, 340 341 salvage chemotherapy, 340 tumor surveillance, 343 344 laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in, 357 358 resection/ablation, 319 350 superficial, 319 332 cystectomy for, 330 diagnosis, 320 321 intravesical therapy for, 323 330 chemotherapy, 323 324 immunotherapy, with Bacille Calmette- Gue rin, 324 332 transurethral resection for, 321 323 Bone sarcomas, pelvic, internal hemipelvectomy for, 379 394 C Cervical cancer, management of early and late disease, 247 264 early disease, 256 259 stage IA, 256 257 stage IB, 257 259 stage IIA, 259 historical perspective, 247 251 late disease, 259 261 1055-3207/05/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/s1055-3207(05)00017-7 surgonc.theclinics.com
434 INDEX Cervical cancer (continued ) stage IB-IVA, 259 260 stage IVB, 260 261 surgery for, 251 256 fertility-sparing, 255 256 laparoscopy, 254 255 types and technical aspects, 251 254 neoadjuvant chemoradiation for, 243 pelvic exenteration for, 288 289 surgical staging of, 266 273 laparoscopy in, 267 271 in advanced stage disease, 268 269 in early stage disease, 267 para-aortic lymphadenectomy, 269 271 pelvic lymphadenectomy, 267 268 sentinel node technology in, 271 273 Chemoradiation therapy, neoadjuvant, for cervical cancer, 243 Chemoradiotherapy, adjuvant, after local excision of rectal cancer, 189 190 Chemotherapy, intravesical, for superficial bladder cancer, 323 324 neoadjuvant radiation and, for vulvar cancer, 240 241 neoadjuvant, for ovarian cancer, 239 240 with cystectomy, for invasive bladder cancer, 337 340 adjuvant, 339 340 neoadjuvant, 338 339 salvage, 340 Coloanal anastomosis, proctectomy with, in rectal cancer, 157 180 Colonic reservoirs, in coloanal anastomosis with proctectomy for rectal cancer, 162 169 Coloplasty, in coloanal anastomosis with proctectomy for rectal cancer, 167 169 Colorectal cancer, extended abdominoperineal resection/ exenteration/abdominal sacral resection, 195 222 Cryoablation, image-guided, for pelvic malignancies, 418 421 Cystectomy, for invasive bladder cancer, 334 344 follow-up after, 342 343 partial, 334 radical, 334 336 for superficial bladder cancer, 330 331 D Doxorubicin, intravesical chemotherapy with, for superficial bladder cancer, 323 324 E Endometrial cancer, neoadjuvant radiation for, 242 243 pelvic exenteration for, 289 surgical staging of, 273 274 incompletely staged disease, 274 laparoscopic, 273 274 Endorectal ultrasound, in local staging of rectal cancer, 187 Endoscopic microsurgery, transanal, in local therapy of rectal cancer, 185 Exenteration, pelvic. See Pelvic exenteration. Extended pelvic resection, for sarcoma or visceral tumors invading musculoskeletal pelvis, 395 415 difficult pelvis, 400 401 external hemipelvectomy, 402 internal/modified hemipelvectomy, 401 402 sacral composite resection, 398 400 F Fertility-sparing surgery, for cervical cancer, 255 256 G Gynecologic malignancies, pelvic exenteration of, 287 297 complications, 295 indications and preoperative evaluation, 288 290 palliation, 295 296
postoperative management, 294 295 resection of pelvic organs, 290 292 surgical exploration, 290 surgical reconstruction, 292 294 Gynecologic pelvic malignancies, cervical cancer, management of early and late disease, 247 264 laparoscopy and sentinel node technology in surgical staging of, 265 286 cervical cancer, 266 273 endometrial cancer, 273 274 ovarian cancer, 275 278 vulvar cancer, 278 281 neoadjuvant therapies for, 237 245 for cervical cancer, 243 for endometrial cancer, 242 243 for ovarian cancer, 239 240 for vulvar cancer, 240 241 pelvic exenteration of, 287 297 H Haggitt classification, in rectal cancer, 183 Hemipelvectomy, internal, for pelvic sarcomas, 379 394 I Image-guided ablative techniques, in pelvic malignancies, 417 429 cryoablation, 418 421 microwave ablation, 424 428 radiofrequency ablation, 421 424 Immunotherapy, intravesical, with Bacille Calmette-Guérin, for superficial bladder cancer, 324 332 complications of, 327 cystectomy after, 330 331 follow-up after, 331 332 prognostic factors with, 330 second-line, 328 329 tumor prophylaxis and, 332 Internal hemipelvectomy, for pelvic sarcomas, 379 394 Intravesical therapy, for superficial bladder cancer, 323 332 chemotherapy, 323 324 immunotherapy, 324 332 Invasive bladder cancer. See Bladder cancer. Isolated pelvic perfusion, primary. for unresectable recurrence of rectal cancer, 217 218 INDEX 435 J J pouch, in coloanal anastomosis with proctectomy for rectal cancer, 162 166 L Laparoscopy, for lymph node dissection in urologic cancer, 351 363 pelvic, in bladder cancer, 357 358 in penile cancer, 358 in prostate cancer, 351 357 in urethral cancer, 358 retroperitoneal, in testicular cancer, 358 362 in surgical management of cervical cancer, 254 255 in surgical staging of gynecologic malignancies, 265 286 in cervical cancer, 267 271 in advanced stage disease, 268 269 in early stage disease, 267 para-aortic lymphadenectomy, 269 271 pelvic lymphadenectomy, 267 268 in endometrial cancer, 273 274 in ovarian cancer, 275 278 Local recurrence, of rectal cancer, total pelvic exenteration with distal sacrectomy for, 223 236 Local therapy, for rectal cancer, 181 194 options for, 184 185 local excision, 184 185 polypectomy, 184 posterior approaches, 185 transanal endoscopic microsurgery, 185 outcome of local excision, 187 190 preoperative evaluation and staging, 185 187 rationale for, 182 recommendations and future directions, 190 192 terminology and classifications, Haggitt classification, 183 polypoid neoplasms, submucosal invasion, 183 TNM system, 183 Lymph node dissection, laparoscopic, in urologic cancer, 351 363 pelvic, in bladder cancer, 357 358 in penile cancer, 358
436 INDEX Lymph node dissection (continued) in prostate cancer, 351 357 in urethral cancer, 358 retroperitoneal, in testicular cancer, 358 362 Lymphadenectomy, laparoscopic, in cervical cancer, para-aortic, 269 271 pelvic, 267 268 M Magnetic resonance imaging, in local staging of rectal cancer, 187 Mesorectum, anatomy of, 139 140 Metastases, port-site, of ovarian cancer, after laparoscopy, 277 278 Microsurgery, transanal endoscopic, in local therapy of rectal cancer, 185 Microwave ablation, image-guided, for pelvic malignancies, 424 428 Mitomycin C, intravesical chemotherapy with, for superficial bladder cancer, 323 324 Musculoskeletal pelvis, sarcomas or visceral tumors invading, extended pelvic resection for, 395 415 N Neoadjuvant therapies, for gynecologic pelvic malignancies, 237 245 for cervical cancer, 243 for endometrial cancer, 242 243 for ovarian cancer, 239 240 for vulvar cancer, 240 241 Nerve-sparing technique, for total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer, 137 155 Nerves, autonomic pelvic, 140 141 O Ovarian cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy for, 239 240 pelvic exenteration for, 289 surgical staging of, role of laparoscopy in, 275 278 delayed staging, 276 port site metastases, 277 278 suspicious adnexal mass, 275 276 P Palliation, pelvic exenteration for, in gynecologic malignancies, 295 296 surgical, for recurrent rectal cancer, 217 Para-aortic lymphadenectomy, laparoscopic, in cervical cancer, 269 271 Pelvic cancers, 137 429 gynecologic, cervical cancer, management of early and late disease, 247 264 laparoscopy and sentinel node technology in surgical staging of, 265 286 neoadjuvant therapies for, 237 245 pelvic exenteration of, 287 297 image-guided ablative techniques in, 417 429 cryoablation, 418 421 microwave ablation, 424 428 radiofrequency ablation, 421 424 rectal cancer, extended abdominoperineal resection/ exenteration/abdominal sacral resection, 195 222 local excision, 181 194 proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis, 157 180 total mesorectal excision technique and outcome, 137 155 total pelvic exenteration with distal sacrectomy, 223 236 sarcomas, internal hemipelvectomy for, 379 394 invading the musculoskeletal pelvis, extended pelvic resection for, 395 415 urologic, bladder, resection/ablation of, 319 350 laparoscopic lymph node dissection in, 351 363 prostate, surgical management of, 299 317 ureteric reconstruction techniques during urinary diversion, 365 377 Pelvic exenteration, for recurrent rectal carcinoma, 200 201 of gynecologic malignancy, 287 297 complications, 295 indications and preoperative evaluation, 288 290 palliation, 295 296 postoperative management, 294 295 resection of pelvic organs, 290 292 surgical exploration, 290
surgical reconstruction, 292 294 total, with distal sacrectomy, for fixed recurrent rectal cancer, 223 236 Pelvic lymph node dissection, laparoscopic, in urologic cancer, in bladder cancer, 357 358 in penile cancer, 358 in prostate cancer, 351 357 in urethral cancer, 358 Pelvic lymphadenectomy, laparoscopic, in cervical cancer, 267 268 Penile cancer, laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in, 357 358 Perfusion, isolated pelvic, primary. for unresectable recurrence of rectal cancer, 217 218 Polypectomy, in local therapy of rectal cancer, 184 Polypoid neoplasms, rectal cancer arising in, Port-site metastases, of ovarian cancer, after laparoscopy, 277 278 Proctectomy, coloanal anastomosis with, in rectal cancer, 157 180 Prostate cancer, laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in, 351 357 surgical management of, 299 317 clinical outcome, 307 312 cancer control, 307 312 complications and side effects, 309 311 late benefits, 312 quality of life, 311 312 multispecialty treatments, 312 313 patient selection, 300 305 clinical categorization and staging, 303 305 indications for lymph node dissection, 305 natural history, 300 303 procedures, 305 307 anatomic (nerve-sparing) radical prostatectomy, 305 306 INDEX laparoscopic prostatectomy, 306 307 perineal prostatectomy, 306 salvage prostatectomy, 307 Prostatectomy, 305 307 anatomic (nerve-sparing) radical, 305 306 laparoscopic, 306 307 perineal, 306 salvage, 307 Q Quality of life, after extended pelvic resection for sarcoma or visceral tumors invading musculoskeletal pelvis, 411 437 R Radiation therapy, adjuvant, before extended pelvic resection of sarcomas or visceral tumors invading musculoskeletal pelvis, 397 398 neoadjuvant chemotherapy and, for vulvar cancer, 240 241 neoadjuvant, for endometrial cancer, 242 243 primary. for unresectable abdominal or pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer, 215 216 Radiofrequency ablation, image-guided, for pelvic malignancies, 421 424 Reconstruction, surgical, in pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies, 292 294 ureteroneocystotomy techniques during urinary diversion, 365 377 Rectal cancer, local therapy for, 181 194 options for, 184 185 local excision, 184 185 polypectomy, 184 posterior approaches, 185 transanal endoscopic microsurgery, 185 outcome of local excision, 187 190 preoperative evaluation and staging, 185 187 rationale for, 182 recommendations and future directions, 190 192 terminology and classifications, Haggitt classification, 183
438 INDEX Rectal cancer (continued) polypoid neoplasms, submucosal invasion, 183 TNM system, 183 proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis, 157 180 recurrence of, resection techniques for, 195 222 abdominosacral resection technique for, 202 215 anastomotic recurrence, treatment of, 199 pelvic exenteration for, 200 202 risk factors for locoregional recurrence, 195 197 routine surveillance after primary resection, 197 198 treatment of unresectable recurrence, 215 218 isolated pelvic perfusion, 217 218 primary radiation therapy, 215 216 surgical palliation, 217 workup of identified recurrence, 198 total mesorectal excision, 137 155 adjuvant treatment and, 150 151 background, 137 139 laparoscopic, 151 nerve-sparing technique for, 141 144 oncologic outcomes of, 145 148 pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in, 149 problems with, 145 quality of resected specimen, 144 145 reconstruction after, 145 sphincter preservation in, 148 149 surgeon training in, 151 152 total pelvic exenteration with distal sacrectomy for fixed recurrent, 223 236 as standard surgery for, 225 226 evaluation by imaging and patient selection, 226 228 patterns of growth in the pelvis, 223 225 prognostic factors and staging system, 233 234 surgical invasiveness and oncologic outcomes, 231 233 surgical technique, 228 231 Recurrence, of rectal cancer, resection techniques for, 195 222 abdominosacral resection technique for, 202 215 anastomotic recurrence, treatment of, 199 pelvic exenteration for, 200 202 risk factors for locoregional recurrence, 195 197 routine surveillance after primary resection, 197 198 treatment of unresectable recurrence, 215 218 isolated pelvic perfusion, 217 218 primary radiation therapy, 215 216 surgical palliation, 217 workup of identified recurrence, 198 Recurrence, local, of rectal cancer, total pelvic exenteration with distal sacrectomy for, 223 236 Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, laparoscopic, in testicular cancer, 358 362 S Sacrectomy, distal, total pelvic exenteration with, for fixed recurrent rectal cancer, 223 236 Sarcomas, invading the musculoskeletal pelvis, extended pelvic resection for, 395 415 pelvic, internal hemipelvectomy for, 379 394 Sentinel node technology, in surgical staging of gynecologic malignancies, 265 286 in cervical cancer, 271 273 in vulvar cancer, 278 279 Soft tissue sarcomas, pelvic, internal hemipelvectomy for, 379 394 Submucosal invasion, in classification of rectal cancer, 183 Superficial bladder cancer. See Bladder cancer.
T Testicular cancer, laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in, 358 362 Total mesorectal excision, of rectal cancer, 137 155 adjuvant treatment and, 150 151 background, 137 139 laparoscopic, 151 nerve-sparing technique for, 141 144 oncologic outcomes of, 145 148 pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in, 149 problems with, 145 quality of resected specimen, 144 145 reconstruction after, 145 sphincter preservation in, 148 149 surgeon training in, 151 152 Total pelvic exenteration, with distal sacrectomy, for fixed recurrent rectal cancer, 223 236 Transanal endoscopic microsurgery, in local therapy of rectal cancer, 185 Transurethral resection, for superficial bladder cancer, 321 323 U Ultrasound, endorectal, in local staging of rectal cancer, 187 Ureteric reimplantation techniques, after ureteroneocystotomy during urinary diversion, 369 372 combined, 371 372 INDEX 439 nonrefluxing, 371 refluxing, 370 371 Ureteroneocystotomy, techniques of, during urinary diversion, 365 377 anatomic considerations, 368 causes of strictures, 373 374 effects on urinary tract, 374 historical perspective, 365 368 necessity of reflux prevention during, 369 outcomes of, 372 373 ureteric reimplantation techniques, 369 372 combined, 371 372 nonrefluxing, 371 refluxing, 370 371 Urethral cancer, laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in, 357 358 Urinary diversion, ureteroneocystotomy techniques during, 365 377 Urologic cancers, bladder cancer, resection/ ablation of, 319 350 laparoscopic lymph node dissection in, 351 363 prostate cancer, surgical management of, 299 317 ureteric reconstruction techniques during urinary diversion, 365 377 V Vulvar cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation for, 240 241 surgical staging of, 278 281 sentinel node technology, 278 279