Cardiovascular System Notes Cardiovascular System a transportation system that carries needed substances to cells and waste products away from cells. Functions Transports nutrients to cells Transports waste away from cells Transports disease fighting white blood cells to areas of infection Structures of Cardiovascular System Heart Made of 4 chambers Upper chambers are called atria Lower are called ventricles Right side pumps blood to the lungs Left side pumps blood to the body Heartbeats for kids 90 120 bpm and adults average 72 bpm Septum separates the right and left side Pacemaker found in right atrium Valves allow blood to flow in only one direction Bright red blood means it is high in oxygen Dark red blood means it is low in oxygen Coronary arteries carry blood to heart itself A rteries Blood vessels that go a way from heart Your pulse is checked using one of several arterial sites Veins Carry blood to the heart Capillaries Connect veins and arteries together Site of exchange of materials between the blood and our body cells Disease Atherosclerosis fat buildup on walls of arteries Hypertension high blood pressure Hemophiliac person who can t control bleeding How to limit your risks of cardiovascular disease Exercise Diet Avoid smoking
The Respiratory System I. The Respiratory system A. Function moves oxygen from the air into the body; removes carbon dioxide and water from the body B. Why the body needs oxygen 1. Your cells cannot burn fuel without oxygen 2. Respiration: (C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 > Energy + H 2 O + CO 2 ) a. oxygen (from lungs) + glucose (from food) undergo chemical reactions in the cell. b. energy is released c. produces carbon dioxide and water as waste C. Path of air 1. The Nose a. heats the air. b. mucus moistens the air traps particles such as dust and bacteria c. cilia (tiny hair like extensions) sweep the mucus into the throat where it is swallowed, then destroyed by stomach acid 2. The Pharynx (throat) connects the nose and mouth to the trachea 3. The Trachea (windpipe) a. a tube with a series of ridges b. lined with cilia and mucus particles are trapped and swept up to the pharynx, where they are swallowed irritation in the trachea causes coughing c. if food blocks the trachea, choking occurs 4. The Bronchi a. split of the trachea that goes to a lung. b. branches into bronchiole 5. The Lungs a. the main organs of the respiratory system b. the bronchioles branch more and more in the lungs and end with alveoli (tiny air sacs) resemble grapes each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries; oxygen is picked up and exchanged for carbon dioxide here
Smoking and Your Health II. Smoking and your health A. Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke 1. Tar dark sticky substance formed when tobacco burns 2. Carbon monoxide takes place of oxygen in red blood cells 3. Nicotine addictive substance B. Respiratory System Problems Caused by Smoking 1. Coughing 2. Bronchitis inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles 3. Emphysema alveoli deterioration 4. Lung Cancer irregular and uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue C. Circulatory System Problems 1. Causes heart disease 2. Smokers are more than twice as likely to have heart attacks A= Nasal cavity B= Bronchi/Bronchus C= Bronchioles D= Alveoli E= Epiglottis AB= Trachea AC= Lung AD= Diaphragm
The Digestive System I. Digestion is the process by which the body breaks down food into smaller nutrient molecules. Breaks down food into molecules Molecules are absorbed into blood and carried through the body Wastes are eliminated II. Upper Digestive System Mouth Chemical digestion - saliva Mechanical digestion - teeth Esophagus - peristalsis moves food to stomach Stomach Chemical digestion Hydrochloric acid (HCl)- provides acidic Environment for pepsin to work best Pepsin- breaks down protein into amino acids Mucus protects stomach lining Cells in stomach lining are quickly replaced Mechanical digestion - stomach churning I. Lower Digestive System Small Intestine Site of chemical digestion Liver secretes bile into the small intestine Pancreas secretes enzymes that help break down starches, proteins, and fats Absorption of nutrients by villi Large intestine Bacteria feed and produce vitamins for the body Water is absorbed Passes wastes (undigested food) to rectum, then anus for disposal.
Excretory System Function of the Excretory System Collect wastes produced by cells and removes the wastes from the body. Excretion-process of removing waste from the body. Components of the Excretory System Kidneys Eliminate urea, a chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins Eliminate excess water and other waste materials Contain about a million nephrons which are filters that remove waste from blood and produce urine, the watery fluid that exits our body. Ureters Narrow tubes that move urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder (a sac like muscular organ that stores urine) Urethra
A small tube that sends urine out of the body Other organs of excretion Lungs-the respiratory system removes carbon dioxide and some water from the body. Skin-the integumentary system removes waste by perspiration Liver-part of the digestive system and gets rid of toxins in your blood. A = kidney B = ureter C = urinary bladder D = urethra