History and Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience In the Beginning Evolution of the human brain Human brain surfaced ~100,000 years ago Areas of modern human (H. Sapiens) brain shared with many other species In the Beginning Rapid encephalization WWHGD? Why might behavior-x have evolved? How could behavior-x promote survival and reproduction? 1
Thomas Willis (17 th century) Dissections of human brains Linked brain regions to behaviors Highly detailed anatomical drawings (Circle of Willis) Franz Joseph Gall Phrenology Localization of brain function? Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens Ablation studies Aggregate field theory John Hughlings Jackson Localizationist view Proposed topographical layout of brain Homunculus Paul Broca Tan Broca s aphasia Broca s area Carl Wernicke Wernicke s aphasia Wernicke s area 2
Gustav Fritsch and Wduard Hitzig Electrical stimulation of dog cerebellum Localization of motor functions KorbinianBrodmann Cytoarchitechtonics Brodmann areas Camillo Golgi Syncytium Golgi Santiago Ramón y Cajal Neuron doctrine FranciscusDonders Mental chronometry Subtractive method Rationalism Empiricism 3
Hermann von Ebbinghaus Associationism Empirical study of memory E. L. Thorndike Law of Effect Behaviorism John Watson BF Skinner Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper Montreal Procedure Treatment of epilepsy Insula Donald O. Hebb Father of Neural Networks Hebbian learning rule Synaptic plasticity George Miller Magical number 7, plus or minus 2 Noam Chomsky Language it not probabilistic Language is grammar-based Language acquisition device Universal grammar 4
Instruments of Cognitive Neuroscience Electroencephalogram (EEG) Cerebral Blood Flow Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fmri) Resources Cognitive Paradigm Ontology (http://www.cogpo.org/) Brainmap(https://www.brainmap.org/) Surface Management Systems Database (http://sumsdb.wustl.edu:8081/sums/index.jsp) Cognitive Atlas Project (http://www.cognitiveatlas.org/) 5
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